J. G. Sommer (1847), "Kingdom of Bohemia", vol. 15, pp. 301-337
Translation Copyright 2001 by Urs Geiser - All rights reserved

Eger District

The Eger district (Regio Egrana, Regio Hebana or Chebana), also named Egerland, Egerländchen, or Eger area, forms, together with the Asch area and the Frais that are included in it, the westernmost part of the Kingdom of Bohemia. While in terms of political administration and organization it belongs to the Elbogen District, it is so distinct with respect to its nature, character of the people, history, and other characteristics that it must be considered an independent portion of the district. It was also presented as such in the General Overview of this district by Prof. Zippe [pp. I-LIV].

Royal City and Dominion of Eger

The royal city of Eger (Czech Cheb, also Ohre [r-hacek], [Lat.] Ogra, Egra, in older documents also Chebbe, Hebum] is in the westernmost part of the district and in the southwesternmost of the area named after it. It is 6 1/2 hours from Elbogen, on the right shore of the Eger River, on a gentle incline rising from east to west, at 50°04'58" northern latitude, 30°02'06" eastern longitude, and 207.33 Par.Kl. above the level of the North Sea (after David).

In general, together with the very scattered areas that are under its immediate jurisdiction it borders in the north on the Asch dominion, the Voigtland (Kingdom of Saxony), and the estates Altenteich and Walhof, in the east on the dominions Hartenberg, Katzengrün, Maria-Kulm, Mostau, Königsberg, and Königswarth, in the south on the Frais and the Bavarian province Oberpfalz [Upper Palatinate], and in the west on the Bavarian province Oberfranken [Upper Franconia]. -- Within this area are the dominions of the Royal Castle Eger, the Kreuzherren-Commende [holdings of the Knights of the Holy Cross] Eger, the Vogtei [a type of estate] Stein, Haslau, Vorder- and Hinter-Liebenstein, Podmershof, Ober- and Unter-Pilmersreuth, Pograth, Ober- and Unter-Wildstein. -- Outside the district, in the Bavarian district Oberfranken, between Oschwitz and Arzberg, are four meadows that belong to the city.

The usable areas are the following:

Since the dominion extends over almost the entire district we refer to the General Overview for its natural history, in particular the mountain ranges and rock types found here.

Apart from the Eger River, which traverses the dominion from Fischern in the west to Nebanitz in the east, the following of its tributaries belong here: (a) on the left side the Schleitbach (also named Schleidach, Selnbach, Seebach, and Kropitz Creek), reaching the Eger near Dirschnitz, and the Fleißenbach with its confluence west of Nebanitz; (b) on the right side: the Rößla (Roßlau), which coming from Oberfranken joins the Eger at the western border near Fischern; the Buchbach, a tributary of the Mühlbach; the Schwarzbach; the Prignitz with its confluence near Eger; and the Wondrab (Wondreb), which traverses the entire southeastern portion of the area starting from its entry into the district below Waldsassen and reaches the Eger below Kornau, opposite Nebanitz.

The most prominent ponds of the authorities amount to 185 J. 1152 Sq.Kl. They are above Schlada near Reißig, hence they are also called the Reißig City Ponds, and they yield mainly carp. The largest of these ponds occupies an area of 124 J. 29 Sq.Kl. Furthermore, there are some scattered smaller ponds, among them the Forellenteich [trout pond] above Mühlbach. The majority of former ponds are being used already for years as fields and meadows.

Noteworthy are the small lakes near Dölitz and Markhausen, remnants of an older river bed of the Eger, and the bogs near Franzensbrunn.

Among the numerous mineral springs, the most important are those of Franzensbrunn. Many sour [probably from carbonic acid] springs serve as regular drinking water for the villagers.

The population of the entire dominion is 21,507, among them 10,459 in the city and its suburbs, and 11,048 in the villages. Among them is one Jewish family (in Eger). -- The language is German throughout.

The sources of income and food of the dominion and its inhabitants are agriculture, animal husbandry, fish farming, forestry, some mining, various interests and tithes in cash, grain, and poultry etc., urban trades, some in factories, commerce, various rural trades, day labor, flax spinning, and weaving, etc.

The soil is in part heavy clay, in part dry sand, and in part cold, dusty peat. The thickness of the topsoil is between 3 and 10 inches [Austrian]. With good tilling and steady fertilization, and in years that are not particularly wet, it yields all grain types in sufficient amount and quality. Also, most of the other standard crops, such as clover, cabbage, flax, and potatoes, are grown. Near the city a lot of vegetables are grown for the purpose of export to neighboring cities, even in to Saxony. In addition, fruit trees are grown in gardens and in the open area around the city, but they do not produce enough to satisfy the local demand.

The livestock numbers were on 30 April 1837: 245 horses (232 adult, 13 foals), 8402 cattle (49 breeding bulls, 18 young bulls, 2981 cows, 1089 heifers, 33 meat oxen, 2840 working oxen, 1392 young oxen), 4298 sheep (2825 adults, 1473 lambs), 425 pigs, and 66 goats. Most profitable as in the entire Eger district is cattle raising. A large and powerful breed is propagated that forms almost throughout a particular constant race that is popular because of its utility.

The authorities' dairies (in and near Podmersdorf, Höflas, Ober-Kunreuth, Ober- and Unter-Pilmersreuth, and Reichersdorf) are leased over fixed terms as are the sheep farms (Höflas, Ober-Kunreuth, and Scheibenreuth); however, the authorities have reserved the associated Sackzinsungen [some type of interest].

The forests of the city themselves amount to 3301 J. 574 Sq.Kl. and are divided into the following 8 tracts: Himmelsreich, 588 J. 943 Sq.Kl.; Höflas, 149 J. 586 Sq.Kl.; Siechäusel, 841 J. 97 Sq.Kl.; Heiligenkreuz, 357 J. 1087 Sq.Kl.; Tilln, 175 J. 892 Sq.Kl.; Hochwald, 915 J. 1235 Sq.Kl.; Soos, 149 J. 43 Sq.Kl.; and Schirnitz, 124 J. 491 Sq.Kl. They consist mostly of evergreens (largely pine), and to a smaller extent of deciduous trees (red beech, birch, etc.). The annual timber yield is 1870 Klafter (at 100 cubic feet) pine and 100 Klafter beech. In the years 1831 to 1836, 217 J. 403 Sq.Kl. of previously cut forests were reseeded.

The game numbers are lower than they could be given the size and character of the hunting areas, principally as a consequence of the lease of the hunt over six to six[1] year terms. The usual game is hare and partridge. Roe deer are rare. The game is sold in Eger, Franzensbrunn, Karlsbad, and Marienbad.

On the grounds of the subject towns Oberndorf, Trebendorf, Hannersdorf, and Gaßnitz black limestone is harvested and partially converted into fertilizer which is sold to the adjacent dominions Falkenau, Hartenberg, Mostau, Königsberg, Schönbach etc., and partially used as construction stone for rural buildings. 23 lime kilns yield 400 burns [batches] annually. -- Near Rohr there is a peat holding of 260 Joch that belongs mostly to private parties and to a small extent to the city. It yields 6 million peat bricks annually. -- The former mining operations for silver, lead, iron, anthracite etc. has ceased already in the previous century. Only in recent time a few citizens restarted the lead mines near Berg, and two farmers of Konradsgrün started in 1807 to dig iron ore on their properties. 7 workers produce 3000 Seidel (at 4 cubic feet) per year. Also, since 1832 there is an anthracite pit near Unter-Lohma.[2]

Among the larger enterprises within the city area there were in the beginning of 1846: (a) Cotton weaving mill and yarn dying (firm of Joh. Heinr. Rahm) in Eger with simple license, employing 600 workers, and (b) 1 sheep wool spinning mill and cloth weaving mill (firm of the brothers Fischer) in Eger with only a license to produce, with 60 workers.

Furthermore, in the beginning of 1846, in the city and in the villages, police, industrial, and free trades, as well as commerce were carried out by 825 guild masters and other owners with 284 fellows and 536 apprentices and aides, or a total of 1645 persons. Adding the 660 workers in the above factories, a total of 2305 persons live of trades and commerce. Among them were the following masters and owners: 92 beer sellers, 1 sculptor, 7 billiards hall owners, 9 brewers, 4 bookbinders, 1 book printer, 1 gunsmith, 2 brushmakers, 1 maker of chemical products, 1 wire puller, 3 turners, 5 dyers, 12 coopers, 1 Filenhauer [maker of metal files], 31 butchers, 11 innkeepers, 1 brass founder, 5 glaziers, 1 bell founder, 5 goldsmiths, 12 gristmillers, 3 beltmakers, 4 glovemakers, 6 milliners, 1 instrument maker, 1 coffee brewer, 5 combmakers, 3 butchers of small animals, 2 buttonmakers, 2 coppersmiths, 4 varnishers, 2 candymakers, 14 tanners, 8 painters, 2 masons (50 fellows), 14 flour dealers, 46 millers, 4 needlemakers, 3 nail smiths, 2 organ builders, 1 paper miller, 1 parchment maker, 1 wigmaker, 1 braid maker, 4 chimney sweeps, 6 strapmaker, 6 sattlers, 4 locksmiths, 11 blacksmiths, 58 tailors, 98 shoemakers, 15 bakers of dark bread, 5 soap makers, 4 ropers, 9 plumbers, 5 whitewashers, 1 stonemason, 4 stocking knitters, 30 furniture makers, 6 potters, 14 clothmakers, 5 cloth cutters, 4 watchmakers, 3 candle pullers, 10 wainwrights, 3 renderers, 4 weavers, 32 bakers of white bread, 6 light leather tanners, 30 cloth weavers, 13 brickmakers, 6 roofers, 3 interior painters, 6 carpenters (30 fellows), 4 tin founders, and 2 sweets bakers. Among the traders were 32 owners of mixed goods stores, 5 grocers and door-to-door salesmen, and 30 people exercising free commerce, together with 122 subjects and other aides.

The city owns the rights to hold 3 annual general and cattle markets (on the Mondays of Reminiscere [second Sunday of Lent], Corpus Christi, and St. Matthew's, each of eight days duration) and weekly markets (Wednesday and Saturday). At the annual markets, in 45 halls, 250 booths and stands mainly cut cloth, iron and steel goods, shoemaker articles and other leather goods, clothes, fur, glass, and pottery wares, all kinds of other craft products, as well as fashion articles and toys are sold. The weekly markets are stocked from towns of this and neighboring dominions with grain, groceries, firewood, boards, lumber, tanning bark, and similar items.

The health care personnel consists of 8 doctors of medicine (including the city physician with a salary of 150 fl. C.M. and one spa physician for Franzensbrunn with a salary of 150 fl. C.M., 80 fl. housing allowance, and 6 Klafter firewood), 7 surgeons and obstetricians (3 in Eger, including 1 city surgeon with salary of 200 fl. C.M., 1 in Franzensbrunn, 1 in Mühlbach, 1 in Frauenreuth, and 1 in Nebanitz), 1 Kurschmiedt [?] (in Franzensbrunn), 3 pharmacists (2 in Eger, 1 in Franzensbrunn), and 16 midwives (7 in Eger, including the city midwife with salary of 15 fl. C.M., 1 in Franzensbrunn with same salary, 2 in Frauenreuth, 2 in Palitz, the others in Oberndorf, Mühlbach, Treinitz, and Neu-Albenreut).

Of great importance and extent are the social service institutions.

The oldest of these institutions is the hospital of St. Bartholomew at the estate of the Knights of the Holy Cross at the Bruckthor [a city gate]. It already existed in the 13th century, if not earlier, as it was ceded by the city government to the Noble Order of the Knights of the Holy Cross with the Red Star. Between 1298 and 1356 the institution amassed a considerable endowment through donations of estates, land, and interest. Since 1695, as a consequence of a contract with the then General Grandmaster Pospichat, the hospital is again under the administration of the city council, and 28 beneficiaries (22 female and 6 male) are supported there, with additional support from the estate of the Knights of the Cross. At the end of 1845, the endowment was 11,442 fl. 48 kr. C.M., and the income during the same year was 913 fl. 28 kr. C.M. In the years 1828 to 1830 the hospital building, which burned down in 1809, was rebuilt.[3]

The hospital of St. James, usually called Bruderhaus, was formed by the mayor and council in 1497, starting with the purchase of a civilian house, where at first 4 poor old citizens ("Brudermänner" [brother men]) were housed and fed. Due to later donations of real estate and capital by pious citizens the foundation has grown such that in the end of 1845 it amounted to 9190 fl. 44 kr. C.M., and its income during the same year was 683 fl. 57 kr. C.M. It currently supports 10 male and 1 female beneficiaries (the latter is the cook).[4]

The two Siechenhäuser [hospitals for incurably ill] at Holy Cross and at St. Anna, too, have existed since old times. The latter was erected in 1441, and the former is said to be even older.[5] Both were founded by the city community and received significant donations. The one at Holy Cross owned until 1540 the dairy at that place, still called Siechenhof, and whose tenant was required to deliver certain goods to the beneficiaries. Since the previous century the two are administered together. Their assets at the end of 1845 were 4688 fl. 11 kr. C.M., the income during the same year was 722 fl. 43 kr., and the number of beneficiaries was 24. The latter are mainly poor people with chronic diseases and other bodily ailments.[6]

The orphanage was founded in 1713 to 1716 by the magistrate and the citizenship, and numerous pious donations through the most recent period have increased its endowment to an amount of 8781 fl. 29 kr. C.M. at the end of 1845. The income during the same year was 527 fl. 35 kr. C.M. Currently, 7 orphans are supported. In addition to the above income, the city community makes an annual contribution of 12 Klafter firewood, 1 Kahr (4 5/8 n.ö. Metzen) rye, and 48 bundles of straw, and the shoemaker guild donates 10 pairs of shoes for the orphans.[7]

Also the General Civil Hospital is a foundation of the Eger citizenry. After the so-called Seelhaus dating from the middle ages burned down, the magistrate in 1540 erected a new hospital that remained in service until recent times but didn't suffice anymore for the increasing demand. Therefore, in the years 1836 to 1838 the current building was built from the ground up by the citizens at a cost of 14,300 fl. C.M. With an income during 1845 of 2303 fl. 50 kr. C.M., partly from the interest of the endowment amount of 7671 fl. 31 1/2 kr. C.M., partly from other income, a total of 163 patients were taken care of. The current endowment was formed and enlarged since 1768 through 1845 by bequests and donations.[8]

The city poorhouse, founded already in 1785 by the magistrate, is regulated according to the new laws, and the numerous trusts that have been formed over the course of time for particularly pious purposes have been combined into a holding foundation with assets of 17,826 fl. 51 1/2 kr. C.M. at the end of 1845. Its income during the same year was 2461 fl. 50 kr. C.M., and the number of poor beneficiaries was 275. Each of these was given a monthly stipend between 36 kr. and 1 fl. 12 kr. depending on circumstances.

Furthermore, as a consequence of the regulations issued by the previous Oberstburggraf [highest administrator of the kingdom] Karl Count of Chotek for the entire kingdom, since 1828 there exists a regulated poorhouse for the villages of the dominion. In the beginning it was founded by the parish priests from collections and supported by bequests and donations, and it was administered separately for each parish. However, on 1 January 1840 the individual institutions were combined and placed under the administration of the magistrate. Its endowment at the end of 1845 was 2321 fl. 40 4/5 kr. C.M., and its income during the same year from interest, proceeds of the new years cards, fees etc. was 296 fl. 21 kr., which supported 37 poor people.[9]

Apart from these social service institutions that were founded from the wealth of the city community, the clergy, and individual citizens, one needs to mention the bath hospital in the colony Franzensbrunn, which was founded in 1820 at the suggestion of mayor Totzauer and the city council from collections among the spa visitors, and was enlarged in 1839. The leftover amounts after the construction costs were placed into a foundation for the upkeep of the institution, which after additional surpluses and annual donations by the spa visitors amounted to 2711 fl. 20 kr. C.M. at the end of 1845. The income during the same year was 801 fl. 16 kr. C.M. Every poor spa visitor, from here or abroad, who can document his poverty and fulfills some further requirements, is accepted in this bath hospital and is cared for until he is cured.[10] The number of these indigents in 1845 was 40.

Independent of these public institutions, since 1834 there is a citizens' funeral society, sanctioned by the country's government, whose members are given at the time of their death a proper funeral paid from periodic, modest contributions. The assets of this society with 912 members in 1844 were 12,500 fl. W.W., and the annual growth of the latter was assumed to be 1000 fl. Also the civil sharpshooters, as well as the guilds of the clothmakers, shoemakers, butchers and meat carvers have formed similar societies.[11]

The city of Eger is connected with the adjacent dominions as well as with Bavaria and Saxony through numerous paved and otherwise good driving roads. The Karlsbad Postal Road leads through Kornau, Kulsam, Falkenau, Elbogen, and to Prague. Through Unter-Schön and Gasnitz the Eger Postal and Commercial Road leads to Sandau, Mies, and Pilsen. The Karlsbad Road continues as a postal and commercial road from Eger into Bavaria, namely through Franzensbrunn northwest to Asch and as far as Hof, but also west through Mühlbach to Schirding and Wunsiedel. Similarly, a commercial paved road goes south to Waldsassen and from there to Regensburg in Bavaria. Also, from Ober-Lohma a paved road leads to Schönberg in Saxony. -- In Eger there is a k. k. coach and letter post station, and in Franzensbrunn there is a letter collection station.

Eger consists of the actual city of 523 houses with 6905 inhabitants, and three suburbs, i.e., Oberthor suburb, 113 houses and 1639 inhabitants, Bruckthor suburb, 100 houses with 996 inhabitants, and Schiffthor suburb, 66 houses with 919 inhabitants. The entire city therefore has 802 houses with 10,459 inhabitants. Various further, separately listed suburbs that are 1/8 to 1/2 hours away are attached to each of the three suburbs.

In terms of jurisdiction (a) 520 houses of the city, 107 houses of the Oberthor suburb, and 96 houses of the Bruckthor suburb belong to the dominion of Eger; (b) 17 houses of the city and 6 houses of the Oberthor suburb belong to the dominion of St. Clara; (c) 8 houses of the city and 4 houses of the Bruckthor suburb belong to the estate of the Knights of the Holy Cross; (d) 1 house belongs to the Vogtei Stein.

In old times, the inner city was surrounded by walls and a double moat and had 7 bastions and 29 towers. The fortresses that were newly erected in 1749 were largely demolished in 1808 and 1809, subsequently also the walls were torn down and converted to esplanades, the moats into orchards and kitchen gardens. Of the older walls and towers however a good portion is still intact, and the following towers are still standing: Oberthor-Thurm, Schiffthor-Thurm, Mühlthor-Thurm, Fleischthurm [meat tower], Pepperlthurm (in the bastion of Kremling), Teufelsthurm [devil's tower] (near the brewery of the estate of the Knights of the Cross), Fleischerthurm [butcher tower] (near the Mühlthor [gate]), Wasserthurm [water tower] (behind the Schiffgasse [a street name]), three unnamed towers in the Oberthor fortification, and a large round tower near the Fleischerthurm. The Bruckthor [gate] including its tower was completely demolished in 1833.

Currently there are eight squares in Eger: Großer Ring [great ring], Roßmarkt [horse market], Johannesplatz [St. John's square], Rosenbühl, Naglerplatz, Schloßplatz [castle square], Kasernenplatz [garrison square], and Kirchenplatz [church square]; and 26 city streets: Holzgasse, Schlegelgasse, Bindergasse, Judengasse, Mordgasse, Lange Gasse, Fleischgasse, Franziskanergasse, Rahmthurmgasse, Hölle, Entengasse, Finkengasse, Katzengsteig, Johannisgasse, Rosengasse, Brudergasse, Dominikanergasse, Schlossgasse, Ammenei, Mühlgasse, Niklasgasse, in der Fluth, Steingasse, Schiffgasse, Schulgasse, and Kirchengasse. The streets and squares are largely well paved, the newly constructed sewers are equipped with iron grates, and there are stone sidewalks along the house fronts. The buildings are masonry, mostly of fired bricks, and two or three stories tall, and covered with tile or slate. Only in a few places, mainly in the Bindengasse, one still finds a few wooden houses from an older time. Illumination is achieved by use of 52 oil lamps (since December 1843 suspended over the center of the streets). In the squares and in several city streets are 16, and in private homes another 20, large masonry pipe boxes that are constantly supplied with water that is piped in from almost an hour away. For the purpose of fire fighting there are 17 pumps, 600 water buckets etc. Fire watchmen are employed on top of the steeple of the Dekanalkirche and the Oberthor tower, and a certain number of masons, carpenters, tile roofers, and chimney sweeps are required to appear at the site of each fire alarm.[12]

Remarkable are:

(1) The Dechanteikirche [Dean's Church, also called Dekanalkirche] of St. Nicholas B. [bishop]. It already existed in the 13th century, but there are no records when and by whom it was originally founded, as most of the old documents perished in several large fires. It was enlarged and altered several times during the course of time. Its length is 150, its width 92, and its height 72 feet. The vaulted ceiling rests on eight columns; each of the three main entrances has an atrium. Apart from the high altar, which contains a nice painting of the birth of Christ, there are 14 side altars. The two steeples are each 122 feet tall including the belfry. The six bells were cast anew in 1747. Their names are: Sturmerinn (large bell used for fire alarms), Apostelglocke, Schlag- or Irrglocke (used to count the hours; was also rung in old times at certain night hours to direct errant travelers in the surroundings), Speisglocke (according to the terms of its donation used to accompany the Host to a dying person), Meßglocke [mass bell], and Sterbeglocke [death bell]. Among the curiosities that are kept in the church are a gilded silver monstrance, in the shape of an old German [Gothic?] steeple adorned with several small turrets and weighing 30 Mark 1 Lot; a stone tabernacle executed in the old German style to store the Host, several coats of arms of old Eger patrician families, of genealogical importance, some on the pillar of the music choir, some on the western main wall, but mainly used to tile the floor of the vestry and therefore entirely destroyed [worn away]. The church was elevated to the rank of Dechanteikirche only on 24 January 1833 by His Majesty the late Emperor Franz I by document; formerly, it was known as the city parish church. It is sponsored since 1692 by the magistrate. In old times the church was under the spiritual administration of the so-called Teutonic Knights or the Order of the Teutonic Knights, who already in the 13th century founded a Kommende [possession] and whose official building (the so-called Teutsche Haus or Kreuzhof) was located at the site of today's military garrison. In 1627 this building was transferred to the Jesuits who also took over the administration of the church. Currently, besides the Dechant [Dean] there are four chaplains of which three are paid from the religious endowment, and since 1787 one is specifically in charge of the ministry in the three suburbs. The parish includes, apart from a large portion of the city, the three suburbs and a number of other incorporated areas, the following villages of the city dominion: Dölitz, Gehaag, Hannersdorf, Groß- and Klein-Lehenstein, Matzelbach, Reichersdorf, Schlada, Schloppenhof, Unter-Schön, Sebenbach, and Triesenhof; furthermore the villages Pograth (dominion of same name), Langenbruck, Türschnitz, and Stein (dominion of the Royal Castle Eger), Ober-Schön and Reißig (dominion of the Knights of the Holy Cross in Eger), and Schönlind (estate St. Clara) as well as the neighborhoods incorporated into these villages. In old times, the parish belonged to the diocese of Regensburg, but since 1807 it is part of the archdiocese of Prague. The church owned in 1842 an amount of 12715 fl.W.W. and a field that was leased for a fixed term. The Dechantei building was newly built by the city in 1841.

(2) The parish church of St. Bartholomew. This church, which belongs to the possession of the Knights of the Holy Cross, was built by the city and several benefactors probably in 1414, not far from the place where there was formerly the original hospital church of the Holy Spirit. Between 1583 and 1673 it carried the name of St. Wenzel. After the fire of 1809, Commander Pitroff had it rebuilt and reequipped, and since that time the Knights of the Holy Cross are its sponsors. In 1790 it was elevated to second city parish church, and the lower portion of the city with around 2000 people, i.e., the northern part from the Steingasse and Johannesplatz, the right side of the Rosengasse and the Rosenbühl, and all buildings enclosed by this line and the city walls, was placed into its parish. Apart from the high altar, this church has four side altars. St. Wenzel's Chapel on its south side originates from the year 1272 and was rebuilt after the fire of 1809 by Commander Kraus. Besides the commander [a type of priest] there are two chaplains.

(3) The church of the Annunciation belonging to the Franciscan convent. The convent was originally a Minorite convent and was built together with the church in 1260 by two Eger patricians, Honigar von Seeberg and Hecht, Lord of Pograth. After the Minorites left the convent in 1463 it was occupied by Franciscans, abandoned during the period when Eger was Lutheran, and reoccupied only in 1630 by the order. The decree by Emperor Joseph II to dissolve the convent in 1785 was rescinded in 1787 after the appeal by the city and the bishop of Regensburg. Currently, the convent consists of a guardian, 5 priests, and 3 lay brothers. The convent and church were rebuilt between 1707 and 1733 (and later).

(4) The church of St. Wenzel, belonging to the Dominican priory. Both buildings were constructed toward the end of the 13th century when the Dominicans arrived in Eger (in 1294). During the Lutheran period the priory was largely abandoned as it didn't incur any income, and only with the restoration of the Catholic ministry the scattered members of the order returned. In the years after 1674 the church, and after 1688 the priory, were rebuilt, but the latter only completed in 1720. The church deviates from the usual construction in that the main altar is directed toward the west. In addition, it contains 6 side altars and a chapel of the Sorrowful Mother of God. The priory currently consists of a prior, 4 priests, and 1 lay brother.

The former branch churches of St. John the Baptist, St. Michael (the so-called Karrnerkirchel because the Eger teamsters (Karrner) are said to have built it), and the Visitation of Mary were closed during the empire of Joseph II (1780-1790) and were demolished more recently. Also, the church of St. Clara of the abolished convent of the Poor Claires was sold as a private building in 1811.

Other interesting buildings are:

(a) The Royal Castle (commonly called the Old Castle). It is situated in the western end of the city on a rock whose base touches the Eger river. It probably forms the original core around which the city gradually grew. Already in 1295 it was so dilapidated that it had to be rebuilt. During the entire Middle Ages, when several times German emperors and Bohemian kings stayed here and the Eger castle counts resided, it consisted of the castle building proper, the double chapel of St. Martin and St. Erhard, a priest's residence, a school, a separate high tower, and all was surrounded with high walls and moats. In 1472 the castle together with the high tower and all the other buildings burned down. Since this fire the tower is commonly called the Black Tower; in its construction it appears to be considerably older than the castle itself.[13] On 25 February 1634, the Colonels Illo, Trzky [z-hacek], and Kinsky, as well as Rittmeister [a cavalry officer] Neumann, all belonging to the entourage of the Duke of Friedland Albrecht von Waldstein [a.k.a. Wallenstein], were murdered in a room of the castle. After this incident the castle was abandoned by its inhabitants and gradually became ruined so far that today only the four main walls with some partially collapsed window arches still exist. However, fortifications that were spared destruction still surround the castle. The interior is filled with debris and covered with grass and shrubs. The chapel is a nice example of old German architecture, and it was documented already in 1213. It consists of two partitions or stories. From the lower, whose strong vault rests on four colossal granite columns, a spiral staircase leads to the upper chapel with four exquisitely ornamented slender columns of white marble, which support the high-pointed ceiling. On 31 August 1843 the castle including chapel and tower were assigned by highest order to the k.k. district administration in Eger as office space. The villages, properties, and other income that otherwise belonged to the castle and its church still form their own dominion (see below: Royal Castle Eger).

(b) The Steinhaus [stone house], one of the oldest buildings in the city, is said to have been originally the seat of the margraves of Vohburg and to have been donated by them to the Cistercian abbey of Waldsassen, which in then turned it into an orderly building. In 1574 it was converted into a private house, in 1803 conscribed by the crown of Bohemia and included into the governor's office [Kammervogtei], and in 1813 sold to the owner of the estate Altenteich, Mr. Kaspar Wilhelm (see below).

(c) The city hall is located on the Ringplatz and consists of three parts, the old, middle, and new city hall. The old hall was mentioned in documents already in 1149, but it was subjected to many alterations over time so that it only partially reflects its original shape. The so-called Fleischhackerhaus, with which it was connected in the back, was completely demolished in 1841. The middle city hall is a formerly separate private house that was purchased by the magistrate in the 14th century and converted to office space etc. In the place of two new private homes, the new city hall was erected between 1723 and 1728, although to this day it has not been completed yet according to plans. The former princely chambers of the old city hall were converted by the magistrate in 1787 into a dining hall, and the so-called Bernstube (Steuerstube [tax room]) into a hall for important festivities. The curiosities in the city hall are: the sword and the painting of Albrecht von Waldstein, Duke of Friedland; the partisan [a weapon with a long shaft and broad blade] used in his murder here by Deveroux on 25 February 1634; two paintings representing the murder; a view of the city of Eger from 1742; the portraits of the Austrian emperors from Charles VI to the present time; the great gold medallion that was given to the magistrate by the late Emperor Franz I; a library of 2000 volumes; four flags that were taken from the Swedes in 1647, etc.

(d) The k.k. military garrison and the k.k. military hospital for the resident k.k. rifle battalion. These buildings were built in the years 1836 to 1841 at the suggestion of the former mayor Totzauer and the then Gubernialrath and Elbogen Kreishauptmann [district superintendent] Karg von Bebenburg in place of the former Jesuit college (which since the dissolution of the order in 1773 had served as a garrison but was inadequate) with contributions from the city community and the citizens, an annual real estate tax of all villages of the Eger dominion, as well as the dominions of St. Clara, the Knights of the Holy Cross, the Royal Castle, Liebenstein, Wildstein, Altenteich, Ober- and Unter-Schossenreut, and with the grant of 6000 fl C.M. from the k.k. military administration.

The institutions of instruction and education are:

(1) A k.k. Gymnasium [high school] with 1 prefect, 1 religion teacher (both secular priests), and 6 (secular) professors. The institution has a library of 1200 volumes, a coin and mineral collection. For poor students there are 20 foundations disbursing annual stipends of combined 170 fl. 30 kr. C.M. and 259 fl. 45 kr. W.W. Furthermore, outstanding poor students receive articles of clothing, and a larger number free meal from Eger citizens.

(2) A main school with 1 director, 1 catechist (city chaplain), 4 regular teachers, 2 aides, 1 art teacher; adjacent a girls school with 2 catechists (Knights of the Holy Cross), 1 regular teacher, 3 aides, and 1 industry [home economics?] teacher. The institution has a mineral collection and a physics cabinet.

(3) Three elementary schools, one in each suburb.

(4) A nursery for small children (opened on 11 July 1842), with 1 director, 1 administrator, 2 spiritual and 6 secular [male] supervisors, 5 female supervisors, 1 teacher, and 1 attendant.

Apart from the scientific collections of the high school and the main school there are libraries in the city hall and in the convents of the Franciscans and Dominicans, and both City Councilor Grüner and the Eger citizen Karg possess mineral collections (3000 and 1236 pc., resp.). The former collection of Criminal Judge Huß is now in Königswart (see above p. 281) and the Feldegg collection in Karlsbad in the Posthof (see above p. 239).

Eger has a magistrate, also serving as criminal court, with 1 proven [elected?] mayor, 6 proven councilors, 1 secretary, 6 Auskultanten [auditors?], 1 attorney, 2 Criminal-Aktuare etc.

The great seal, in use since 1473, represents a royal person with sword and scepter. From the navel down one sees a grate and in front of that a small shield with an eagle spreading its wings. A smaller, identical seal is in ordinary use in the chancery.

The authorities and offices of the Landesfürst [sovereign] are:

(1) One k.k. military command consisting of the commander, 1 Platz-Ober-Lieutenant [Ober is misspelled], and 1 garrison auditor.

(2) The k.k. Cameralgefällen [civil case?] district administration of the Elbogen District, with 1 Cameralrath as chairman, 4 Comißären, 5 officials, 7 Kanzellisten etc. associated with an accounting division with 1 Revident, 2 officials etc.

(3) The k.k. Cameralgefällen district court for the Elbogen District, with 1 chairman, 8 associates, etc.

(4) One k.k. main customs office with 1 Einnehmer, 2 officials, and 3 assistants.

Also, Section No. 13 of the k.k. Finanzwache [treasury], with one superior commissioner, and 1 commissioner, has its seat in Eger.

Similarly, Eger is the seat of a road commissioner and a road supervisor for the second division of the Eger Road, as well that of road commissioner and a road supervisor for the Karlsbad Road.

Furthermore, the following are to be noted:

(a) The k.k. post office.

(b) 11 inns, whereof 5 in the city (the most upscale are the Golden Sun and the Two Princes or Archdukes) and 6 in the three suburbs.

(c) 80 beer taverns, in the city and in the suburbs.

(d) 11 mills, whereof 2 in the city (the Vordere Mühle with 18, the Hintere Mühle with 10 Gängen [gears? courses?] and 1 board saw), and 9 in the suburbs (see Einschichten below). In addition, in the so-called Geschirrhaus (former arsenal) there are several Gänge that could be powered by human hand and cattle in case of extreme lack of water.

The following are the Einschichten [properties incorporated into villages or suburbs but situated outside], 1/8 to 1/2 hours away, that are incorporated into the suburbs:

(1) Obere Vorstadt:

(a) the Jägerhaus next to the former hospice, with restaurant and a park, a very popular entertainment place;

(b) the renderer's shop, near Matzelbach;

(c) the hamlet Egidy, also named Anger, with 10 numbers;

(d) the Pregnitz or Prinitz mill;

(e) the paper mill;

(f) the hamlet Franzosenfleschel (?), 3 numbers;

(g) the Brandel inn;

(h) the Pulvermühle, at the foot of the Geiersberg, a cereal mill;

(i) the Cross inn

(k) the Black Horse tavern

(l) the Three Linden inn

(m) the old (city) brickworks, and

(n) the new brickworks on the Gansbühl.

(2) Schiffthor Vorstadt:

(a) Noah's Ark tavern and garden;

(b) Green Tree tavern;

(c) Gansbühl or Gänsbühl, formerly a dairy, now a farm;

(d) White Lamb tavern;

(e) Swan [a tavern], and

(f) Scherer Tavern.

(3) Bruckthor Vorstadt:

(a) the few remains of the Winschelburg or Winselburg (actually, Wenzelsburg) [castle] on the left shore of the Eger, opposite from the Royal Castle, probably built by King Wenzel II, but already in 1393 destroyed at the order of King Wenzel IV, and completely demolished in the 30 years war;

(b) Spitalhof or Spittelhof, 4 numbers (1 dairy with small castle, belonging to the Knights of the Holy Cross);

(c) at the Entenstein, 3 numbers;

(d) Kaiserrang, 2 numbers;

(e) the garden of the Von Sternfeld [family], with Schweizerei [dairy farm?] etc.

(f) the garden of the Karg (elsewhere, Gabler von Adlersfeld) [family];

(g) White Horse tavern;

(h) Bigato Castle, and

(i) at the Rabestein, 3 numbers.

Also incorporated into the Oberthor suburb and belonging to the jurisdiction of the Eger magistrate is the Bodnerhof (Bodneshof, Podmershof), which forms its own dominion, 2 numbers; owner: Joh. Georg Götzel.

Incorporated into the Schiffthor suburb is the dominion Slowitz, Schlawitz, or Schladitz (divided into Ober- and Unter-Slowitz), both jointly forming a community of which 1 house belongs to the Knights of the Holy Cross. The current owner of the estate is Count Erwein von Rostitz; it has its own jurisdiction. Remarkable here are: the church of St. Jodok (branch church of the Dechanteikirche), which was built in 1430 by three Eger citizens, and where after it was locked up between 1800 and 1807 in recent years services have been held again; furthermore, there are 6 mills (2 in Ober-Schladitz and 4 in Unter-Schladitz, among the latter the Haselmühle).

Belonging to external dominions are:

(1) 17 houses to St. Clara (2 in the city and 6 in the Oberthor suburb);

(2) 8 houses to the Knights of the Holy Cross (1 in the city and 4 [7?] in the Bruckthor suburb);

(3) 1 house to the Vogtei Stein dominion

(4) the farm Bodnershof [see above], and

(5) the village Slowitz (see above).

According to von Lang,[14] the Eger castle already existed in the 9th century and belonged together with the area to the eastern Franconian margraves of the house of Babenberg. After Adalbert von Babenberg, Eger and other estates of this area came to Count Konrad von Vohburg[15] who was a relative of the above family by marriage, and who signed as "Palatine Count of Vohburg, Margrave of Eger, Neumarkt, and Cham." The city appears to have been founded either under him or his successors. In 1149, Friedrich III, Duke of Swabia (of the Hohenstaufen family, crowned as German Emperor Friedrich I in 1152), married Countess Adelheid von Vohburg and obtained thus Eger. However, he gave it in 1157 to his youngest brother Friedrich IV, Duke of Swabia and Franconia and, when the latter died without heirs in 1167, transferred it in 1184 to his third son Konrad II, Duke of Franconia. The next owner of Eger was his nephew, Duke Friedrich IV (in 1212, Emperor Friedrich II). In documents of that period Eger appears as a city. In 1213, Emperor Friedrich II pawned it for 44,000 Mark in silver to the Palatine Count Ludwig of the Rhine.[16] The latter returned it to the Emperor's son Henry VII, King of Rome. After the latter was unseated following his revolt against his father in 1235, Eger was administered by imperial Landvögte [governors].

In 1265 during the war that King Premysl [r-hacek] Otakar II[17] of Bohemia led against Duke Heinrich of Bavaria, Eger was taken by the Bohemian warriors, and already in the following year, on March 4, the king affirmed all the privileges of the city that had been granted by the [Holy] Roman emperors and kings and approved duty-free status in all of Bohemia etc. for its merchants. When in 1273 Rudolph of Habsburg arose to the German imperial throne, as is well known a bloody war started between him and King Otakar, in which the latter was defeated and was forced to negotiate peace.[18] In the treaty that was signed in a camp near Vienna on 21 Nov. 1276, the king among other things renounced his sovereignty over Eger. However, since at the same time Rudolph's daughter Judith got engaged to the son of Otakar, Wenzel, on 6 May 1277 a new treaty was signed wherein the imperial princess received the entire Eger area as a security for a dowry of 10,000 Mark in silver.[19] On 7 June 1279 Emperor Rudolph also affirmed the privileges of the city and gave its citizens the right to move at their will. A later privilege by the same monarch in 1290 gave the villages of Kötschwitz and Hart to the city.[20] King Wenzel II (the emperor's son-in-law) also affirmed all privileges of the city in 1291. The imperial pawn status was renewed by Emperor Adolph von Nassau, the successor of Rudolph, who wished to have his son Ruprecht marry Wenzel's daughter Judith.

When in 1301 the Hungarians elected Wenzel, the son of King Wenzel II, to their king, a war broke out between Emperor Albrecht I, who wanted to have his nephew, Karl Robert, receive that crown, and Bohemia. During its course, Eger was threatened by imperial troops, but they soon retreated in the face of the strong defensive fortifications [of the city]. Wenzel III, who governed after the death of his father in 1305, made peace with Emperor Albrecht on Aug. 5 of the same year and formally ceded Eger to the latter,[21] who immediately notified the citizens of his friendly intentions in a number of privileges that were signed and dated in Nuremberg.

Eger had attained a significant size and considerable population during the first centuries after its founding. Even though the original inhabitants of the city and the area were of Slavic descent, during the course of time during German rule and administration most of the populace became germanized. It is also known that King Otakar II, who attracted so many Germans into his country and thus populated the towns that he elevated to royal cities, already in 1255 settled many German immigrants in the southwestern portions of the kingdom, especially in Elbogen and its surroundings.[22]

Of importance for the flourishing of the city were not only the margraves of Vohburg who resided here permanently, but also the numerous visits by emperors, kings, and other nobles, as well as the numerous land and court assemblies that took place in Eger. Many noble families, of which there were almost 200 in the beginning of the 13th century and who founded numerous free and noble estates in the Eger area, moved into the city for better protection and spent the profits of their possessions, that were partly in Bohemia and partly in the German Empire, there. Similarly, the extensive commerce of the citizens in leather, cloth, malt, beer, hats, and other valuable products, in conjunction with the agricultural production, brought great wealth. This was diminished by several fires, the first being mentioned in chronicles already in the year 1000. Even more devastating was the great fire of 16 May 1270 that turned almost the entire city into ashes within a few hours. When in 1301 the imperial troops of Albrecht I started preparations of a siege of the city, the defensive actions by the citizens, who voluntarily burned down the three suburbs, as well as the devastation of the surrounding area by the hostile warriors, also brought great losses.

In the war that started in 1314 between Emperor Ludwig (of Bavaria) and his opponent Friedrich (of Austria), King Johann of Bohemia sided with Ludwig and by his participation decided the war in favor of the latter in the battle of Mühldorf (28 Sept. 1322). As reimbursement for his military expenses etc., he received among other imperial cities also the city and area of Eger that had already been assured as a security by the emperor in 1314. From this time on, with only short interruptions, Eger has been with the Crown of Bohemia.[23] Included in its area at that time were several noble estates and 74 villages, forming a stretch of land 11 miles long and 6 miles wide. The city consisted of 17 streets, 5 squares, and 1199 houses. Each of the three suburbs formed its own little city with moats, towers, and gates. The city itself had double walls, a deep moat, 5 gates, and many towers within its walls. Nevertheless, the new situation due to the pawning was not that advantageous to the wealth of the citizens and rural people, despite the new privileges asserted by King Johann. Many nobles and merchants emigrated, and due to the opulent court of the King new taxes and duties had to be levied. The appointed land judge repeatedly infringed on the rights of the senate (magistrate), protected the nobles who fled here from Prague, and allowed them to purchase estates and so on. The imperial cities requested customs duties and road tolls, and in 1335 the king himself violated the privileges insofar as he established a customs office in the city. Only in 1341 the citizens were able to have their privileges reaffirmed, and they obtained the same rights as the inhabitants of the other cities of Bohemia.[24]

Emperor Karl IV demonstrated right after his ascension to the throne in 1346 how important he considered Eger by assertion of the privileges and the gift of several new favors; among them is the right of 1349 to mint Haller (Heller) coins. Thus, the wealth of the citizens increased again.[25]

Among the numerous immigrants were also many rich Jews who soon multiplied to the extent that they amounted to almost one quarter of the populace. They had their own university, a synagogue, a cantor's house, and their own cemetery ("Seelenhof"). However, as a consequence of the spirit of the time it is no surprise that the jealousy and hate of the Christian population was aroused, which on Maundy Thursday of 1350 led to a terribly uprising where in the alley (to this day known as "Mordgäßchen" [murder alley]) between the Judengasse and the Bindergasse a great number of Jews were killed. Nevertheless, the settlement of Jews continued, and in 1364 they were able to release an earlier mortgage on their school and synagogue. Also, the emperor, who sentenced the city to a high monetary fine for the massacre, ordered that in the future the Jews were not to be disturbed in the possession of their school and cemetery. The extent of their growth during his reign is proven by the fact that in 1390 they paid an annual amount of 100 Schock Groschen as protection money to the magistrate.[26]

At that time King Wenzel IV had already succeeded his father in government as emperor and king (since 1378), and in 1379 he affirmed all privileges and liberties of the city of Eger. However, numerous robber gangs and the atrocities that the nobles in the Eger country committed against many farms and entire villages, even right to the walls of the city, without adequate protection by the emperor, brought a gradual economic downturn to the citizens of Eger, who had to build new fortifications and suffered loss of income from the countryside. To that new taxes, which became necessary for the support of the imperial court, were added as well as much oppression by the caretaker or castle count [governor] Cdimir (Zdimir) von Zedtwitz, such that the city had to file a complaint with the emperor. In 1389, the emperor approved a five year moratorium on all taxes, which was extended in 1395 for another four years.

Despite these favors, the city continued its decline, especially after in 1398 the imperial electors unseated the emperor, and a war broke out with the newly elected Ruprecht of the Palatinate. The Eger citizens immediately built up their defenses, burned down the suburbs etc., which however was totally useless, as King Wenzel gave up his reign voluntarily for a year, but brought them great losses. The city was forced to take out loans. In particular, in 1402 it proceeded with the sale of Leibgedingen (personal pensions) and paid high interest on smaller and larger sums [of money], although in 1403 it obtained again relief from taxation for five years.[27]

When soon after the outbreak of the Hussite war in 1421 Zizka [Z,z-hacek] started to devastate the Saaz district, a large German army congregated in the Egerland at the request of Emperor Sigismund. Eger also added a contingent of soldiers, horses, and wagons to be integrated into the imperial troops, but they were all lost in the defeat of the main army by Zizka. Similar losses hit the city in 1422, 1425, 1426, and 1427, in Luditz, Saaz, and Außig. In the last of these years, the Hussites approached closer toward Eger, devastated the entire area, and forced the inhabitants to burn down the suburbs yet again. Even though this time, as well as in the following three years, the city did not fall into the hands of the enemy, the citizens found it advisable to start negotiations with the general, Prokop the Great, and to buy freedom and protection for the city and the surrounding land with the sum of 1700 Gulden in gold. The further course of the war had no immediate influence on Eger; nevertheless, the city calculated its losses during this entire time as 123,500 Gulden, not including the above sum.[28]

The calm did not last. The short reign of Albrecht I of Austria, who ascended to the Bohemian throne after the death of Sigismund in 1437, and who right at the onset of his reign took the city of Eger under his special protection, but then obliged them to participate in his fight against the utraquistic [?] lords, was followed by the stormy period when Ladislaw was a minor and the country was governed by caretakers. The Egerland was assaulted by robber barons and other evil folk who plundered everything. The citizenship was forced to attack these people personally. Together with some hired farmers they marched and destroyed the castles near Aich, Engelshaus, Würschengrün etc., captured a great number of robbers, and brought them back to Eger in shackles. But only when in 1453 Ladislaw took over the reign himself, one was able to enjoy the calm again.[29]

The new king affirmed all privileges of the city but died already in 1457, and his successor Georg von Podebrad [e-hacek] had barely carried out a few important acts of government (such as: in 1459 and 1461 he held Landtage [country-wide assemblies] in Eger, in 1460 he signed here the peace accord of Breslau, made a pact of arch-fraternity with Saxony, etc.) when he was excommunicated by Pope Paul II, and, as a consequence of the crusade that was preached against him, almost all of Bohemia went to arms again. Eger, which remained faithful to the king, too, was included in the excommunication in 1470, and only two years after the death of Georg (1473) it was released from the ban. Nevertheless, the turmoils of the city continued under the reigns of Wladislaw II and Ludwig. The citizens and country people were repeatedly forced to fight against robber barons and against the atrocities of certain land owners, especially the lords of Zedtwitz.[30]

At the onset of the Schmalkalden war Eger sided with King Ferdinand I of Bohemia who was allied with Emperor Charles V. The city was the main quarter of the imperial army, which marched from here against Saxony. When the emperor returned to Eger after the victory of Mühlberg (24 April 1547), he gave the city in return for its losses and expenses relief from all taxation and the Umgeld [some sort of fee] for three years.

The period of the reign of Ferdinand I coincides with the conversion of Eger to the teachings of Luther. It is strange that it was the Teutonic Knights, who had been in residence here for 300 years, who first and alone introduced the new faith here. Most of the brothers quit the order and left for neighboring Saxony or the Palatinate. The Franciscans, too, gradually left their convents, partially by inclination, partially by necessity because they were not able to sustain themselves from the small alms of the few remaining Catholics. The same situation also applied to the Dominicans: only the prior remained to keep the rights of the convent alive. From the convent of the Poor Claires, one nun after the other secretly left, then finally the abbess after she had removed all provisions, indebted the convent, and pawned all income. While in the city the number of clerics was insufficient to administer the parish church, the situation in the countryside was even worse. By 1560 almost all inhabitants were Lutheran. Most active during the conversion was the preacher Thilesius, who had brought the Land-Komthur (bailiff) of the Teutonic Knights from Saxony to Eger. -- The complaints of the displaced Catholic clerics remained unsuccessful. Even the order by Emperor Maximilian II (1572) that the Catholic clerics were not to be expelled from the mother [parish?] church was not obeyed. The last priest, P. Korndörfer, received only 40 fl. salary such that the general of the Knights of the Holy Cross had to grant him in 1582 free food for live at the order's command post in Eger. In 1608 the city purchased the Teutsche Haus [building of the Teutonic Knights] for 50,000 fl. and thus obtained the patronage over the parishes and all other property of the order.[31]

At the onset of the revolt against King Ferdinand II (1618), Eger had to contribute 8000 Gulden to the war chest of the Bohemian states. The newly elected King Friedrich of the Palatinate on his way to Vienna visited Eger on 24 October, and the citizens sent seven deputies to the allegiance ceremony in Prague on 23 April 1620. Appropriate war supplies had already been contributed earlier. After the battle of the White Mountain, the Eger citizens, who were forced to open the city to a Saxonian army on 7 March 1621, managed to delay to give allegiance to King Ferdinand until 1623, when they pledged faithfulness allegiance to the monarch but also asked for affirmation of the city's privileges and freedom of religion. The city indeed received a pardon and the affirmation of its privileges, and in the corresponding document (Prague, 10 May 1623) the citizens of Eger are called "dear faithful to His Majesty and to the Holy Roman Empire." However, with respect to the freedom to practice religion according to the teachings of the Augsburg Confession, the deputies were asked to have patience.[32]

In 1625 Eger became the main quarter of Albrecht von Waldstein [usually, Wallenstein] who lived here between 3 August and 3 September at the expense of the city and in addition requested 30,000 imperial Taler as Brandschätzung [?], later to be reduced to 7000 fl. The surrounding countryside was the assembly point of the army, which resided here as in enemy territory. Also for his successor Tilly, the Egerland was a true theater of war in 1626.

The most important reason for the delay of the restoration of the Catholic services was that the city owned the Teutsche Haus since 1608 and thus the right of patronage [over the parish church]. There was no other solution than to buy it back, which happened on 13 December 1627 by an imperial commission who paid back the purchase price and still on the same day received the keys to the city parish church. Thus on the following day all churches in the city and in the countryside were temporarily closed, and the Protestants were only exceptionally allowed to hold Evangelical services. Finally, on 5 September 1628 a final order by the emperor was revealed to the reformation commission that was delegated to Eger to "to abolish the predicants [preachers] and to furnish the city with knowledgeable exemplary priests." The prior of the Dominican convent was named acting city priest, and Count Heinrich Schlick donated the sum of 50,000 fl. for the foundation of a college for the priests of the society of Jesus. However, this did not happen, so that the Jesuits had to rent a private house that was elevated to a college only in 1651 by the Order General Piccolomini. Through the efforts of the Jesuits, as well as the Knights of the Holy Cross, the Dominicans, and the Franciscans, by the end of 1630 already half of the citizens left the Lutheran faith. "Only the women remained inflexible."[33] Among those who emigrated were the richest citizens, merchants and traders.[34]

After the victory of Gustav Adolph over the imperial general Tilly on 16 March 1631, and after consequently Saxonian troops that had marched into Bohemia under General von Arnheim occupied Prague, a detachment of the latter, under the leadership of Colonel von Carlowitz, succeeded on 13 December of the same year to take the city of Eger. They were helped by the civilian city guard master, Lt. von Moser, who held the keys to the city gates.[35] During the Saxonian occupation the Protestants came back to rule; soldiers and riff-raff plundered the post of the Knights of the Holy Cross and the school house where the Jesuits resided etc. The magistrate and the citizenship were forced to swear allegiance to the Elector of Saxony, had to pay 4000 fl. in tribute, and additionally had to come up with 3000 fl. per week for the upkeep of the occupying forces and more of the like. From time to time, sorties into the surrounding land were organized, which always returned with rich booty.[36]

Only Albrecht von Waldstein [Wallenstein, Duke of Friedland] returned the city into the hands of the emperor in June 1632 after a short siege. The imperial troops under the leadership of General-Wachtmeister [Sergeant General] von Holka immediately pressed a tribute of 8000 Taler, and the persons who were suspected of collaboration with the Saxons were taken to court. On 26 June the [Duke of] Friedland personally entered the city at the head of an army of 30,000. All houses were filled with people, horses, and wagons; many a house had to sustain 40-50 soldiers and 20-25 horses. However, these troops departed after only a few days in the direction of Bayreuth etc. But in May 1633 the Waldstein army congregated again between Pilsen and Eger, and the entire Egerland was flooded with warriors. For the further events until the murder of the Duke of Friedland we refer to Pröckl, who thoroughly recounts all details according to the "chronicles of the chancery." The city remained occupied by the Irish. Anticipating the construction of new fortifications, their commander Gordon had all the still standing buildings of the suburbs demolished and left with his troops on 2 June 1634.

In the following years, the Swedes repeatedly entered Bohemia, but they were prevented from advancing to Eger by Archduke Leopold. Nevertheless, the area of the city suffered immeasurably by the constant passage of troops, and also the citizens suffered great expenses and losses because they were constantly in a stage of alert, and they were often forced to quarter soldiers. Finally, in 1647 the Swedish general Wrangel advanced with great force and took the city after a strong siege that lasted from 25 June until 17 July. Three Swedish regiments entered the city after the departure of the imperial troop under Colonel Prandeiser, and the citizens were forced to surrender their firearms, to quarter the troops, and to pay 17,000 imperial Taler in tribute. Apart from the demolished fortifications, there were 60 empty city houses whose occupants had either died, were ruined, or fled. The Swedes occupied Eger for another year, even though the Peace of Westphalia was signed on 24 October 1648 and ratified on 3 February 1649, and they only left on 9 October 1649.[37]

With the Swedes in 1647, many Lutheran refuges had returned to the city, and even among the inhabitants many had reverted to the Lutheran faith. The Swedes, upon their departure (also referring to the so-called "normal" year of 1624 used in the Peace of Westphalia) made the condition that the Lutherans were allowed free practice of religion. However, they lost this right as a consequence of some improper behavior against the Catholics on Christmas Day 1649, when they had to removed from the parish church by force, in an order by Emperor Ferdinand III dated 24 January 1650, and in the year 1654 even the last few remaining Protestants converted back to the Roman-Catholic Church.

The had gradually amassed debts in the amount of 198,774 fl. In order to protect it from the rush of impatient creditors, the emperors on 28 December 1649 granted a moratorium. In 1650 the emperor also approved the request of the Bohemian states to convert Eger into a real fortress, and work was begun already in May of the same year. However, the work was only finished after 1671 during the reign of Leopold I. During the war that started in the same year between France and Holland, where Austria took sides with the latter, the Eger area was once again subject to repeated troop march-throughs and encampments. Only after the peace of Nijmegen, in 1679, one could rest in peace, for the pestilence epidemic that in 1680 raged through Bohemia spared Eger and the entire Egerland. Even the war against the Turks that started in 1693 and the Spanish war of succession that started after the death of King Charles II of Spain in 1700 did not cause any undue burden. -- Eger enjoyed undisturbed peace until 1740, paid back many loans, enlarged its area by several purchases, built the [new] city hall, the Oberthor tower, the Bruckthor bridge, etc. After he already affirmed the city's privileges in 1723, in 1725 Emperor Karl VI united Eger forever with the Crown of Bohemia and elevated it to the rank of a Royal City.[38]

The death of the emperor (1740) and the disputed succession by his exalted daughter, Maria Theresia, brought back the sufferings of war to the city. Encouraged by the victory of Friedrich II near Molwitz (10 April 1741), 54,000 French, Bavarian, and Saxonian soldiers soon marched into Bohemia. Already on 3 November a French detachment demanded surrender from the occupants of Eger but received no reply. Repeated demands, also from the side of Bavaria, until the spring of 1742, also remained unanswered. On 5 April, the French started a formal siege of the city, and on the 19th the occupants were forced to surrender. At the request of the magistrate, a contribution of 200,000 fl. that was demanded by Prague was reduced by one-half by Emperor Karl Albrecht, and an additional expense of 90,000 fl. arose (not including the cost of stationing troops and non-monetary expenses) from the care of over 2000 sick people who were brought to Eger from as far as Pisek. After the French were forced to leave Prague on 2 January 1743, they tried to hold on in Eger, which they were able to do, even though the city was surrounded on all sides by imperial troops, until 9 September of the same year when the French commander Heronville had to surrender to Count Kajetan von Kolowrat. During this time, terrible starvation was rampant in the unlucky city. Once all the horses were slaughtered, even dogs and cats were not spared, and the price for a cat was one Laubthaler. The expenses of the city administration during the French blockade and siege are calculated to be 234,526 fl.

During the Seven Years War, the area of the city was only afflicted for a short time in 1761 by Prussian troops. Their commander demanded the city to surrender, and when he received no reply he started to bombard it. However, the cannonballs only reached the outer moats without too much damage, and the enemy soon retreated.[39]

During the further reign of Empress Maria Theresia and her son and successor Joseph II, the constitution of the city was gradually adjusted with that of the entire kingdom and the administration with that of the other royal cities. Also, Eger soon ceased to be a fortress, and by 1809 most of the fortifications were demolished. -- The war with France in 1805 touched Eger only insofar as the city and the area were subject to heavy billeting, and an [unspecified] epidemic that lasted until 1806 and killed 4000 people. A sudden but quickly passing shock was felt in 1809 by the proximity of French troops at the near-by Bavarian border and by an expedition of 60 Saxonian cavalrymen who entered the city but quickly and without disturbance left again after they had lunch. More important was a great fire that in the same year burned down 114 private houses, 22 city buildings, the Dechantei church, St. John's church, St. Michael's church, and the command post of the Knights of the Holy Cross and caused total damage of 488,574 fl. Following the battle of Leipzig, in 1813, thousands of prisoners, sick, and wounded were brought to Eger. Typhoid fever and cattle disease raged, the former inside the city, the latter in the outlying area. Nevertheless, the humanitarian inhabitants found the means to also send substantial donations of bread, flour, and potatoes to the poor in Teplitz and Komotau. On 17 April 1814, Eger along with the entire monarchy celebrated peace, and on 8 July the return of the k.k. infantry regiment Erbach that had been stationed in Eger for 130 years. -- The first outbreak of the Asiatic cholera in 1831 spared the Egerland even though it spread through the entire remainder of Bohemia. Only in the fall of 1836 it appeared in the outer parts of the city and in the suburbs, where 31 persons fell victim to the disease. The inner parts of the city and the entire rural area were again spared. Positive events for the city were the honor brought by the arrival of His Imperial Majesty Ferdinand I on 12 September 1835, the visit by His k.k. Highness Archduke Franz Karl on 15 September 1840, and the visit by His k.k. Highness Archduke Stephan on 1 August 1841. A shout of joy reverberated through the city and the land when in early 1844 it became known that Bohemia was to be administered by a prince of the most-exalted imperial household.[40]

Among the numerous patricians and noble families that were once residents of Eger, most have either died out or emigrated in the years 1628 and following. The few who have propagated to our time are, according to Pröckl's register (vol. 1, pp. 285 and following): Adlersfeld (originally Gabler); Braunthal (originally Braun, living in Eger and Vienna); Burgthal (originally Pützl); Frank; Glückselig (in Eger and Prague); Haberkorn von Habersfeld; Hecht; Helmfeld; Hufnagel; Junker (von Bigato); Kammerer; Keßler; Köhler; Limbek von Lilienau (in Eger, Prague, and Vienna); Wunschheim von Lilienthal (in Prague); von Manasser; Müller; Nekisch; Dreßl von Neuberg (in Vienna); Otto von Ottenthal (in Vienna); Pachhelbel (Bachhelbel); Pfeilschmidt (in Dresden); Reichl von Ravvenstein; Schlick (later Counts of Passaun and Weißkirchen; in Prague etc.); Schmiedel von Seeberg; Schrötl; Steinhauser (in Tachau); von Sternfeld; Teschauer (Deschauer); Werndl (von Lehenstein); Widmann; and Wildenbrunn, Vetterl von (in Prague and Pisek).

Men of excellence who were born in Eger[41] are: (a) Kaspar Schlick, b. in Eger, caretaker there in 1430, castle count in Elbogen, knight, baron, secret counselor of Emperor Sigismund, promoted to Imperial Count in 1433, etc., d. 4 July 1449; (b) Sigmund Wahn, baker in Eger, founded in 1451 a hospital with church in Wunsiedel, enlarged the main church in Eger etc. and died there 1469; (c) Johann Lohelius, son of a laborer, b. 1549, came to the abbey of Tepel as a stable boy in 1564, studied, became a Premonstratensian priest, prior of the convent Strahow etc., died 2 November 1622 as Archbishop of Prague and General Grandmaster of the order of the Knights of the Holy Cross with the Red Star; (d) Johann Avenarius (Habermann), b. 1519, excellent theologian, died as Lutheran superintendent in Zeitz, 1590; (e) Paul Knod, excellent musician, lived around 1680 as music director in Wittenberg; (f) Andreas Bürgel, famous sculptor, lived around 1700; (g) Karl Hofreiter, b. 1724, famous painter; (h) Niklas Haberstumpf, artful furniture maker, designer, and engineer, lived around 1740; (i) Joh. Mich. Schlecht, lived around 1700 to 1744, was archivist and left behind a chronicle of Eger; (k) Klement Holdorf, in 1637 became mayor of Eger, then Bohemian appellate councilor, and real secret councilor; Ferdinand III promoted him into the Bohemian nobility; (l) Johann Söldner von Söldenhofen, entered in 1778 into k.k. army and died on 7 June 1837 as lieutenant field marshal and commander of the 23rd Lin. infantry regiment.; (m) Mathes Maximilian Limbek, became k.k. councilor in 1755, first mayor of Eger in 1777, was promoted into old Bohemian nobility by Emperor Franz II with the predicate von Lilienau, died 10 December 1806; (n) Johann Limbek Baron of Lilienau, son of the former, became k.k. district supervisor in Elbogen, city chief in Prague, died 1842 in Vienna as k.k. secret councilor and vice chancellor of the united court chancery; (o) Bernhard Adler, b. 1753, studied medicine, in 1785 became city physician, attained great recognition for the establishment of Franzesbrunn and died in 1809 as a k.k. councilor; (p) Niklas Faßmann, b. 1803, studied mathematics, technical science, mechanics etc. in Prague, died 1839 in St. Petersburg as director of railroads.

The villages of the city dominion are:

(1) Kaiser Franzensbad (also Franzensbrunn), 1 hour N of Eger, along Schlada Creek and near Hofer Road, resort town of 49 houses with 455 inhabitants of which 1 house belongs to the Royal Castle, has one localist church St. John Nepomuk under the patronage of the religious foundation, 1 localist rectory and 1 school, under the patronage of the city community of Eger, 5 mineral springs, 2 general bath houses, 1 poor people bath house, 1 royal Saxonian spa, 1 pharmacy, 1 city-owned Traiteur-Haus [see below], 5 other inns, and 1 Jewish inn. -- The church has been rebuilt from the ground up in the years 1815 to 1820, mostly at the expense of the religious foundation. The localist is a priest of the order of the Knights of the Holy Cross. The pastor of Ober-Lohma, the parish to which the town belongs and who starting in 1802 already serviced the previously existing chapel of St. John Nepomuk, reads the early mass on Sundays and holy days, administers baptisms, weddings, etc., and bezieht [obtains, procures] the stole [meaning unclear]. -- The school was built in 1838-1840 and has 2 teachers. -- The earliest known (already in the 16th century) and utilized spring is the Franzensquelle [Francis spring], originally called "Schlada sour spring" after the nearby village Schlada, or "Egerbrunnen" [Eger fountain]. The latter name is still commonly used, as well as the collected mineral water of the entire town is called "Egerwasser" [Eger water] for short. Johann Günther von Andernach examined the spring in 1565 and was the first to recommend its use for bathing. Already in 1611, foreigners came to Eger to utilize the fountain. Also the water was mailed away, and everybody could collect and sell it. However, soon the magistrate took over the sole right to export it, and in 1660 built a bottling house and an inn at the spring. In 1707 the inn obtained 13 bath rooms, and the spring's reputation grew, but later suffered somewhat by the development of the springs of Spaa and Pyrmont. -- At the suggestion of the Eger city physician, Dr. Adler, who after 1785 increasingly recognized the qualities of the Egerbrunnen, the spring was closed, an open wooden temple was built on top, and it was equipped with two drain pipes, which were now the only allowed taps to take the water. This innovation aroused the anger of the citizenry, and in August 1791 it led to a riot, when a mob of ordinary women destroyed the temple and the enclosure. However, this event did not prevent the enactment of wider-reaching regulations and the foundation of a formal construction on property that was released for this purpose by the city community. It obtained the supreme approval in 1793 and the new name Kaiser Franzensbad. Those willing to build received loans, exemption from taxation for 10 years and from military service, etc. Already in 1794, apart from the Traiteur-Haus, the spring building, the covered Wandelbahn [walking court], there were 5 large private houses, trees etc. were planted, and the town flourished splendidly. -- The visits by resort guests gradually became so numerous that in 1810 the then 24 houses were no longer sufficient, and the guests had to find accommodations in Eger and in the surrounding villages. In 1827 the house owner and royal castle administrator Loimann built at his own expense a public bath house, which currently contains 30 bath rooms that are also equipped for showers and mud baths, and in 1840 a second bath house with 27 rooms. The magistrate built in 1825 its own gas bath house with 3 bath rooms at the Gasquelle [gas spring] that is 27 Klafter away from the Franzensbrunn. This spring of carbonic acid (already known in 1545) in its earlier unconfined configuration erupted with a loud noise that was heard from far and was therefore called "Polterbrunnen", but found deserved recognition as a curative only in 1810. According to Berzelius, the Franzensbrunnen contains per 10?0 [third digit illegible] parts almost 5 1/2 parts of solid constituents, of which 4/5 are sodium sulfate and sodium chloride [table salt]. -- The Louisenquelle is located 126 Klafter WNW of the Franzensquelle, was contained in 1807, equipped for use in 1808, and was named in honor of Maria Ludovica, the third wife of His Majesty Emperor Franz. Only a few paces away and covered with a common superstructure, the so-called Kalter Sprudel emerges violently. The Louisenquelle contains in 1 pharmacists' pound (12 ounces) 26 3/4 Gran [grains] of solids, whereof 16 Gr. sodium sulfate, 5 Gr. sodium chloride, and 4 Gr. sodium [bi]carbonate, in addition to 12 2/3 Gr. free carbon dioxide. The Kalte Sprudel contains in one pound 33 1/2 Gr. solids, i.e., 20 Gr. sodium sulfate and 13 Gr. sodium chloride and carbonate, as well as 15 1/3 Gr. free carbon dioxide. -- Franzensbad gained an entirely new upswing after 1819 from the Salzquelle [salt spring] that was discovered in 1817 but remained unnoticed, 219 Klafter east of the Franzensbrunnen. According to Berzelius, it contains in 10?0 [third digit illegible] parts 15 parts solids, whereof almost 3 parts of sodium sulfate and table salt. -- Since 1837, the nearby Wiesenquelle [meadow spring] has been found to be curative, and in 1840 it was brought under a joint roof with the Salzquelle. For bathing the Louisenquelle is primarily used now. The Franzens- and Salzquelle and the Kalter Sprudel are mostly used only for drinking; in recent times the Salzquelle in particular has become the most noble drinking spring. For the purpose of drinking, the water of the Egerbrunnen was already exported since 1600, and this export has increased over time so much that the authorities derive considerable income from it. Since 1822, this business has been leased to the Eger merchant Mr. Hecht. -- The insignificant preparation of spring salt is carried out since 1817 by the pharmacist. -- The poor people's bath house (or bath hospital) has been discussed earlier, p. 307. -- The Saxonian Spa (or Saxonian Foundation) was formed in 1820 by Saxonian visitors who started at foundation to pay for room and board for poor ill Saxons. For this purpose, the organization maintains a rented apartment, where each patient receives for 4 weeks 24 baths, medicine and food with 4 Groschen (Prussian currency), also 2 to 5 Thaler travel money. -- The city-owned Traiteur-Haus contains the apartment of the town superintendent and the spring inspector, a mineral collection, the Kursaal [entertainment hall], a small theater, etc., and is leased on an annual basis. -- The magistrate in Eger has jurisdiction and police supervision, but, as in other resort towns, during the visitor season a k.k. civil and a k.k. military resort inspection commissioner are present. From year to year more care is taken for the beautification of the resort. The health personnel has already been listed above on p. 305.[42]

(2) Dölitz (Dellitz, Delitz), 1/2 hour from Eger, separately conscribed locality of 2 numbers with 9 inhabitants, in the parish of the Dechantei church, dominical estate; formerly a noble seat united with Lehenstein, to which Schlawitz belonged; remains of a castle destroyed in 1526 (?).

(3) Gehaag, Gehag (commonly called Choch), 1/2 hour S of Eger, village of 47 houses with 358 inhabitants, of which 1 house forms the estate Unter-Wildenhof, 2 houses the estate Ober-Wildenhof, and 2 houses the Gregorhof, in the parish of the Dechantei church. Conscribed to this village are: (a) the dominical settlement Wies, near the Bavarian border, 12 numbers; has 1 chapel with one Expositen [clerical representative] of the Eger dean, 1 school, 1 k.k. border customs office, and 1 hunting lodge, belonging to the dominion of the Knights of the Holy Cross; -- (b), (c), and (d) the above estates, together 5 numbers; (e) the settlement Heiligenkreuz along the Regensburg Road, 6 numbers; 1 branch church St. John the Baptist, 1 hospice (see above) and 1 hunting lodge belonging to the authorities.

(4) Honnersdorf, Honersdorf (formerly Heinrichsdorf), also Hannersdorf, 3/4 hours NNE of Eger, on the right shore of the Eger River, village of 12 houses with 69 inhabitants, of which 3 houses belong to the dominion of the Knights of the Holy Cross, and 1 house to the Royal Castle, in the parish of the Dechantei church, and has a separate mill (Tanna- or "Tannermühle").

(5) Lehenstein, 1/2 hour N of Eger, not far east of the Hofer Road, small village of 6 houses with 11 inhabitants, in the parish of the Dechantei church, consists of the estates Groß- and Klein-Lehenstein, which since the 17th century belong to the family Werndl von Lehenstein; the current owner of Groß-Lehenstein is Ernst Werndl von Lehenstein, and Klein-Lehenstein belongs to Johann Adam Werndl von Lehenstein. In 1711 Johann W. v. L. built a chapel of the Immaculate Conception, where in 1817 Johann Adam W. v. L. also sponsored a chaplain; furthermore there are 1 castle and 2 dairy farms.

(6) Matzelbach (elsewhere also Metzlbach), 1/2 hour ESE of Eger, village of 10 houses with 46 inhabitants, in the parish of the Dechantei church, has separate public chapel of the Holy Mother of God.

(7) Reichersdorf, 1/2 hour NE of Eger, along the Karlsbad Road, on the right shore of the Eger River, village of 20 houses with 106 inhabitants, of which 3 houses belong to the Royal Castle and 3 houses form the estate Reichersdorf, owned by the farmer Johann Adam Heinl; is in the parish of the Dechantei church and has one dairy farm ("Kesselhof" or "Kösselhof") owned by the authorities.

(8) Schlada (elsewhere also Schletein and Schlattau), 3/4 hours N of Eger, along Schlada Creek and the Hofer Road, village of 21 houses with 142 inhabitants, of which 5 houses belong to the dominion of St. Clara and 3 to the Knights of the Holy Cross, in the parish of the Dechantei church, and has one tavern with garden. The nearby spring Franzensbrunnen was once called Schlada-Säuerling (see above at Kaiser-Franzensbad).

(9) Schloppenhof (elsewhere Slopau, also Wildenhof), 1 1/2 hours S of Eger, along the Wondrab River, village of 16 houses with 105 inhabitants, in the parish of the Dechantei church, has one dominical estate on loan from the Royal Castle, currently owned by Mr. Bayer and Mr. Röder; here is one mechanized cotton spinning mill; along the river one can see ruins of an old castle.

(10) Schöba, 1 1/4 hours SSE of Eger, on both sides of the Wondrab River, village of 34 houses with 195 inhabitants of which 5 houses belong to the estate of St. Clara, partially in the parish of the Dechantei church, and partially in that of Kinsberg; has 1 mill.

(11) Unter-Schön, 3/4 hours E of Eger, village of 12 houses with 67 inhabitants, in the parish of the Dechantei church.

(12) Sebenbach (elsewhere Sedenbach), 1 hour ENE of Eger, village of 10 houses with 66 inhabitants of which 2 houses belong to the Knights of the Holy Cross, in the parish of the Dechantei church.

(13) Triesenhof (Driesenhof on Kreybich's map), 3/4 hours N of Eger, along the Hofer Road, small village of 9 houses with 34 inhabitants, in the parish of the Dechantei church, has one school.

(14) Ober-Lohma, 1 1/2 hours NNW of Eger, along the Hofer Road, village of 51 houses with 384 inhabitants of which 7 houses belong to the estate of St. Clara, 2 houses to the Knights of the Holy Cross, 5 houses to the Royal Castle, and one to the Vogtei Stein, has one parish church St. James the Greater, 1 rectory, and 1 school, all under the patronage of the authorities, 1 inn, and 2 mills. Separate are (a) the hamlet Gesteckig (Gestöckig), 4 numbers, among them 1 mill ("Gesteckigmühle"), entertainment place for the tourists from Franzensbad; (b) the Haihäusel (Häuhäusel, Hauhäusel, Hoyhäusel), 4 numbers. -- The church already existed in the beginning of the 14th century. In 1740 it was completely rebuilt. Until 1711 it was a branch of the Eger city parish church, but then it obtained its own pastor. The parish includes, apart from Ober-Lohma itself, the villages of the present dominion Kaiser-Franzensbad (see above), Unter-Lohma, Kropitz, Siehdichfür, Höflasgut, Tannenberg, Trogau, Oed, Rossenreut, Sirmitz, and Stadl, then the villages Hagengrün and Voidersreut (Convent St. Clara), as well as the settlements conscribed to these towns. The rectory was built in 1774, and the school in 1838.

(15) Unter-Lohma, not far S of Ober-Lohma, village of 18 houses with 133 inhabitants, in the parish of Ober-Lohma, has 1 mill.

(16) Kropitz, Kroditz, 1 1/4 hours NW of Eger, along Schlada Creek, village belonging to the estate Seeberg with 25 houses and 142 inhabitants, whereof 2 houses to St. Clara, is in the parish of Ober-Lohma and has 1 mill.

(17) Höflas-Gut, 1 1/2 hours NNE of Eger, hamlet of 5 houses with 67 inhabitants, in the parish of Ober-Lohma, has 1 dairy belonging to the authorities, 1 dominical sheep farm, and 1 dominical hunting lodge. The estate Höflas at one time was a loan of the castle and was sold in 1712 by Wilhelm von Zedtwitz to the city of Eger.

(18) Oed, 1 3/4 hours NNW of Eger, village of 25 houses with 144 inhabitants, of which 14 [or 7, compare p. 343] belong to St. Clara and 2 houses to the Knights of the Holy Cross, in the parish of Ober-Lohma.

(19) Rossenreut, 2 hours NNW of Eger, village of 11 houses with 102 inhabitants, of which 4 houses belong to the Knights of the Holy Cross, is in the parish of Ober-Lohma and has 1 mill.

(20) Siehdichfür, 1 1/2 hours NW of Eger, village belonging to the estate Seeberg with 9 houses and 44 inhabitants, of which 3 houses belong to the Knights of the Holy Cross and 1 to St. Clara, is in the parish of Ober-Lohma.

(21) Sirmitz, 1 1/2 hours N of Eger, village of 25 houses with 170 inhabitants, of which 8 houses belong to the Vogtei Stein [or Royal Castle, compare p. 339] and 1 house to St. Clara, is in the parish of Ober-Lohma and has 1 mill.

(22) Stadel, 1 1/4 hours N of Eger, hamlet of 9 houses with 59 inhabitants, among them the estate/farm Reicherstadel, is in the parish of Ober-Lohma and has 1 mill.

(23) Tannenberg, 1 1/2 hours NW of Eger, hamlet belonging to the estate Höflas with 6 houses and 33 inhabitants, is in the parish of Ober-Lohma.

(24) Trogau, 2 hours NW of Eger, village belonging to the estate Seeberg with 12 houses and 111 inhabitants, in the parish of Ober-Lohma.

(25) Mühlbach, 1 1/2 hours W of Eger, along the Bayreuth Road and on the right side of the Eger River, village of 33 houses with 370 inhabitants, of which 3 houses belong to the convent of St. Clara, has 1 parish church St. James the Greater, 1 rectory and 1 school, all under the patronage of the authorities, 1 k. k. border customs office, 1 restaurant, and separately 2 mills ("Fritzenmühle" and "Große Mühle"). According to the records of the Regensburg diocese, a church existed here already in the 10th century. The present one was built 1798 and 1799. From 1627 until 1753, when a pastor was appointed, the Eger Dominicans took care of the ministry. In the parish are, apart from Mühlbach itself, the villages Fischern, Unter-Kunreut, Libeneck, Markhausen, Pirk, Rathsam, and Zettendorf, all in the present dominion. The school was rebuilt in 1842.

(26) Fischern (Catholic or Eger Fischern, in contrast to Bavarian Fischern), 2 1/4 hours NNW of Eger, on the left side of the Eger River, small village of 6 houses with 49 inhabitants, of which 1 house belongs to the Knights of the Holy Cross, in the parish of Mühlbach, and has 1 mill with a board saw.

(27) Unter-Kunreut, 1 1/2 hours WSW of Eger on a small creek, village of 16 houses with 49 inhabitants, of which 5 houses belong to St. Clara, is in the parish of Mühlbach and has 1 dominical hunting lodge, and separately next to the Schwarzteich [a pond] 1 mill ("Schwalbenmühle" [swallow mill]).

(28) Libeneck, 1 1/4 hours W of Eger along the Bayreuth Road, village of 10 houses with 80 inhabitants, is in the parish of Mühlbach and has 1 dairy, 1 sheep farm, and separately 2 mills ("Große Mühle" and "Holzmühle"). Libeneck was once its own estate, which was sold in 1735 by Adam Junker to the city of Eger.

(29) Markhausen, 2 1/4 hours WNW of Eger, on the left shore of the Eger River, village of 22 houses with 122 inhabitants, in the parish of Mühlbach, has 1 school and 1 mill.

(30) Pirk, also Birk, 1 1/2 hours W of Eger, village of 17 houses with 91 inhabitants, of which 2 houses belong to St. Clara, is in the parish of Mühlbach and remains of a former castle. Until the 17th century it was its own estate.

(31) Rathsam, 2 hours W of Eger, on the right shore of Rößlau Creek which forms here the border with Bavaria and flow into the Eger nearby, village of 14 houses with 96 inhabitants, in the parish of Mühlbach.

(32) Zettendorf, 1 1/4 hours WNW of Eger, on the left shore of the Eger River, village of 17 houses with 134 inhabitants, in the parish of Mühlbach.

(33) Trebendorf, 1 1/4 hours NNE of Eger, along the road from Franzensbad to Karlsbad, village of 25 houses with 138 inhabitants, of which 11 houses belong to the Vogtei Stein, had 1 localist church St. Lawrence, 1 localist rectory, and 1 school, all under the patronage of the authorities, 1 tavern, 1 brick firing oven, and 1 lime kiln. -- The church was built in 1495 as a parish church by the knight Heinz Junker and enlarged significantly in the years 1758 and 1783. In the 16th century it had Lutheran ministers, and starting in 1627 it was administered consecutively by the Eger Franciscans, Jesuits, as well as the city parish priest. In 1712 it was made a branch to the parish of Ober-Lohma, and in 1787 it received a localist priest by Emperor Joseph II. Since 1836, a chaplain is also paid from a charitable endowment. In the parish are, apart from Trebendorf itself, the villages of the present dominion Harlas, Harth, Höflasdörfel, Kötschwitz, Oberndorf, Rohr (with Sooswald and Katharinadorf), Sorgen, and 4 houses of Wogau, as well as the villages Aag (Royal Castle) and Ensenbruck (St. Clara).

(34) Harlas, 1 1/4 hours NE of Eger, along the road from Franzensbad to Karlsbad, small village of 5 houses with 38 inhabitants, of which 1 house belongs to St. Clara, in the parish of Trebendorf.

(35) Harth, Hart, 1 3/4 hours NE of Eger, along Sirmitz Creek, village of 10 houses with 47 inhabitants, in the parish of Trebendorf. The farmer in no. 5 is called "Hofbauer" because his farm was once a dairy [Maierhof].

(36) Höflas-Dörfel, 1 1/2 hours NNE of Eger, village of 10 houses with 53 inhabitants, of which 1 house belongs to St. Clara, in the parish of Trebendorf. West of the village is a carbonated spring that is used for ordinary drinking water.

(37) Kötschwitz, 1 hour NNE of Eger, on the right shore of the Eger River, village of 13 houses with 50 inhabitants, of which 4 houses belongs to St. Clara and 2 houses to the Knights of the Holy Cross, in the parish of Trebendorf, has 1 tavern and separately 1 mill.

(38) Oberndorf, 1 1/4 hours N of Eger, along the road from Franzensbrunn to Karlsbad, village of 23 houses with 105 inhabitants, of which 6 [or 5, compare p.342] houses belongs to St. Clara, in the parish of Trebendorf, and has separately 1 wind mill, several limestone quarries, and 7 lime kilns. Until the 17th century it was its own estate.

(39) Rohr, 1 1/2 hours N of Eger, along Sirmitz Creek, village of 32 houses with 235 inhabitants, of which 6 [or 5, compare p.343] houses belongs to St. Clara, 4 houses to the estate Kinsberg, and 1 house to the estate Ober-Wildstein, in the parish of Trebendorf. The following are conscribed to this village: (a) the hunting lodge Soos (near Rohr) (or Sooswald) belonging to the authorities, with 1 forest hut, 2 numbers; (b) the settlement Katharinadorf, 10 numbers. In the vicinity of Rohr are productive peat bogs that furnish year-round fuel for the villagers.

(40) Sorgen, 1 3/4 hours NNE of Eger, along Sirmitz Creek, small village of 8 houses with 62 inhabitants, in the parish of Trebendorf, has 1 mill with board saw and 1 sour spring.

(41) Wogau, 1 ?/? [illegible fraction] hours NE of Eger, on the left shore of the Eger River, village of 13 houses with 79 inhabitants; 4 houses in the parish of Trebendorf, the others in the parish of Nebanitz, has 1 tavern and 1 mill. Separate is the locality Dreihof, 3 numbers of which 2 belong to the Knights of the Holy Cross. Wogau was once its own estate, but was sold together with Dirnbach in 1666 by Melchior Adam Moser to the city of Eger.

(42) Frauenreut, 3 1/4 hours NNE of Eger, on the border of the Egerland, village of 63 houses with 416 inhabitants, has 1 parish church St. George M., 1 rectory, and 1 school, all under the patronage of the authorities, and 1 tavern. -- The church was completely rebuilt in 1768 in place of its old dilapidated predecessor from the year 1400. It contains the burial place of Countess Eleonora Juliana von Metternich-Winneburg, born Freiin [baroness] of Litzau, who died in 1742. In the parish are, apart from Frauenreut itself, the villages Berg and Mühlgrün of the present dominion, as well as the villages Haid, Bruck, Deba, and Nonnesgrün (St. Clara).

(43) Berg, 3 hours NNE of Eger, along Leibitsch Creek, village of 15 houses with 100 inhabitants, in the parish of Frauenreut, has separately 1 hunting lodge owned by the authorities. Between 1712 and 1750, and again later a few years ago, lead mining was undertaken in its vicinity.

(44) Mühlgrün (Mulgrüne), 2 3/4 hours NNE of Eger, along Fleißenbach [creek], village of 23 houses with 145 inhabitants of which 2 houses belong to St. Clara, in the parish of Frauenreut, has 1 school and 1 mill with board saw.

(45) Nebanitz (Nebasnice in 1391), 1 3/4 hours ENE of Eger, at the confluence of the Fleißenbach with the Eger River, village of 26 houses with 99 inhabitants of which 1 house belongs to the Knights of the Holy Cross, has 1 parish church St. Oswald, 1 rectory and 1 school, all under the patronage of the authorities, 1 mill and 1 tavern. Here too is a sour [carbonated] spring that is used for regular drinking water. -- The church already existed in 1391, was burned down in 1469 and rebuilt again in 1716. It has a domed steeple, and besides the high altar there are 4 side altars. Between 1627 and 1661 it was a branch church of the Frauenreut parish, was then administered from Eger, and in 1711 it obtained its own pastor again. In 1722, the church of Mühlessen was attached to this parish as a branch. Beside the pastor, a chaplain is employed. Apart from Nebanitz itself, the parish includes the villages of the present dominion Au, Dürnbach, Knöba, Kornau, and a part of Wogau (with Dreihof), as well as Förbau (St. Clara); furthermore, Mühlessen along with the villages of the present domain Doberau, Harteissenreut, and Watzgenreut that are attached to the branch church in Mühlessen. The rectory was newly constructed in 1841.

(46) Au, 1 1/2 hours ENE of Eger, village of 16 houses with 109 inhabitants of which 3 houses belong to the Knights of the Holy Cross and 2 houses to St. Clara, in the parish of Nebanitz.

(47) Dürnbach, Dirnbach (formerly Dorenpach), 1 1/4 hours ENE of Eger, village of 29 houses with 188 inhabitants of which 2 houses belong to the Knights of the Holy Cross, is in the parish of Nebanitz and has 1 school and 1 tavern.

(48) Knöba, Kneba (Knebain in 1390), 1 3/4 hours NE of Eger, along Sirmitz Creek, small village of 9 houses with 65 inhabitants of which 1 house belongs to the Knights of the Holy Cross and 1 house to St. Clara, in the parish of Nebanitz, has separately 1/4 hour east along Fleißenbach [creek] 1 mill ("Gahmühle").

(49) Kornau, 1 1/4 hours ENE of Eger, along the Karlsbad Road and on the left shore of the Wondrab River, village of 12 houses with 56 inhabitants of which 4 houses constitute the separate estate Kornau and 1 house belongs to the Knights of the Holy Cross, is in the parish of Nebanitz, and has one mill. -- The estate Kornau is its own dominion belonging to the k. k. district office in Elbogen. In judicial and political matters it under the direct command of the district office and is administered under the name "k. Verwaltungsamt Kornau" [royal administration {sub}district Kornau] by the holder of the district secretary office.[43]

(50) Mühlessen, 2 1/4 hours NNE of Eger along Fleißenbach [creek], village of 42 houses with 276 inhabitants of which 1 house belongs to St. Clara, is in the parish of Nebanitz and has 1 branch church St. Nicholas B[ishop] and 1 school, both under the patronage of the authorities, 1 tavern and within the village 1 mill. Separately are: (a) the locality Stopitzhof (Stopitzhöfe), 4 numbers (farms); and (b) the Fehla Mill (also called Fella and Fehler Mills). Here too is a sour [carbonated] spring that is utilized for drinking water. -- The church already existed in the 15th century and was, like Nebanitz, a branch of Frauenreut until 1722.

(51) Doberau, 2 hours NNE of Eger along Fleißenbach [creek], small village of 8 houses with 26 inhabitants of which 3 houses belong to St. Clara and 1 house to the Knights of the Holy Cross, is in the parish of Nebanitz (Mühlessen branch) and has 1 mill.

(52) Hartessenreut, 2 hours NE of Eger along the road from Franzensbad to Karlsbad, village of 12 houses with 64 inhabitants of which 5 houses belong to St. Clara, is in the parish of Nebanitz (Mühlessen branch) and has 1 tavern.

(53) Watzgenreut, 2 hours NNE of Eger along Fleißenbach [creek], village of 12 houses with 75 inhabitants of which 1 house belongs to the Knights of the Holy Cross, is in the parish of Nebanitz (Mühlessen branch); has inhabitable remains of a former castle. A sour spring is utilized for drinking water.

(54) Palitz, 3 hours SE of Eger, in high location and surrounded by mountains, village of 72 houses with 562 inhabitants of which 4 houses form the estate Palitz, has 1 localist church St. Anna, 1 localist rectory and 1 school, all under the patronage of the religious foundation, 1 dominical dairy, 1 tavern, and 1 mill. The formerly existing k. k. adjunct border customs office was discontinued in 1846. Since 1837, the estate belongs to Georg Frank, a landowner in Glasnitz. -- The church that belongs to the estate was built in 1751 by the then owner Joseph Kammerer. In 1787 a localist priest was appointed. Within the parish are, apart from Palitz itself, the villages of the present dominion Conradsgrün, Ober- and Unter-Losau, and Taubrath, as well as the southern half of Lindenhau (Königswarth dominion). The estate Palitz is actually not a separate dominion but is under the political and jurisdictional administration of Eger.

(55) Conradsgrün, Konradsgrün, 3 hours ESE of Eger, village of 40 houses with 217 inhabitants, is in the parish of Palitz; has 1 school and 3 mills (the "Upper", "Middle", and "Lower" Mills). 3 sour springs are utilized for drinking water. In the vicinity there is an iron ore mine.

(56) Ober-Losau, 2 1/4 hours SE of Eger, village of 17 houses with 108 inhabitants, in the parish of Palitz.

(57) Unter-Losau, 2 hours SE of Eger, village of 19 houses with 113 inhabitants of which 1 house belongs to the Vogtei Stein and 1 house to the dominion Königswarth, is in the parish of Palitz.

(58) Taubrath (Tauber in 1313, also Taubenhof), 2 1/4 hours SE of Eger, village of 21 houses with 111 inhabitants, in the parish of Palitz; has 1/2 hour away 1 mill.

(59) Alt-Albenreut, 2 1/2 hours SE of Eger in the Frais area, small village of 7 houses with 40 inhabitants, in the parish of Neu-Albenreut [Bavaria]; has 1 k.k. auxiliary border customs office. -- The area known under the name of Frais or Fraisch (higher court) has been disputed for more than a century between the Kingdom of Bavaria (or the Upper Palatinate, resp.) and Bohemia, and Condominats-Rechte [rights of joint authority/jurisdiction] were exercised. In the year 1846, the area was divided by a [joint] commission (participants: k.k. government councilor and Elbogen district superintendent, Baron Johann Heinrich von Karg-Bebenburg on the Austrian side, and royal government director, Baron von Godin on the Bavarian side) such that the towns Ernstgrün, Hardeck, Maiersgrün, Neu-Albenreut (previously belonged to Eger dominion), Ottengrün (estate of same name), Pfedermühle, Querbach, and Schachten went to Bavaria and its province Upper Palatinate, court district Waldsassen, whereas the towns Alt-Abendreut, Gosel, Neu-Mugel, and Schönlind came to the Kingdom of Bohemia.

(60) Gosel (Goßl), 2 1/4 hours ESE of Eger, small village of 4 houses with 28 inhabitants of which 2 houses belong to the estate Kinsberg, in the parish of Neu-Albenreut; has 1 tavern.

(61) Gasnitz, Gaßnitz, 1 3/4 hours ESE of Eger, on the right shore of the Wondrab River, village of 43 houses with 245 inhabitants of which 3 houses belong to the Knights of the Holy Cross; is in the parish of Treunitz (St. Clara), and has 1 tavern and 1 mill. In 1835, a stone bridge was built across the Wondrab River by the k.k. military infrastructure administration. (On the map by Kreybich, a branch church or chapel is marked at this village, but our correspondents did not mention such.)

(62) Mies, elsewhere also Myselein, 1 1/4 hours ESE of Eger, on the right shore of the Wondrab River, village of 10 houses with 60 inhabitants, in the parish of Treunitz. (Missing on the map by Kreybich.)

(63) Neuhof, 2 ?/4 [partly illegible] hours SE of Eger, small village of the estate Scheibenreut, with 7 houses and 45 inhabitants, in the parish of Treunitz.

(64) Scheibenreut, 2 hours ESE of Eger along the Pilsen Road, village of 35 houses with 220 inhabitants of which 6 houses form the estate Scheibenreut; is in the parish of Treunitz and has 1 school, 1 dairy, 1 sheep farm, and 1 mill. -- Since 1813 the estate belongs to Andreas Muck.

(65) Schirnitz, also Neuhaus, 1/2 hour SE (?) of Treunitz, at high elevation, village of 11 houses with 70 inhabitants, in the parish of Treunitz; has 1 hunting lodge belonging to the authorities. (Missing on the map by Kreybich.)

(66) Stabnitz, also Stemnitz, 1 1/2 hours SE of Eger, village of 22 houses with 139 inhabitants of which 3 houses belong to St. Clara; is in the parish of Treunitz and has 1 school, 1 tavern, and 1 mill.

(67) Tipessenreut, also Dobrussenreut, 1 3/4 hours E of Eger, small village of 6 houses with 26 inhabitants, in the parish of Treunitz; has 1 mill.

(68) Grün, 2 1/2 hours ESE of Eger along Rother Bach [creek], village of 11 houses with 53 inhabitants, in the parish of Miltigau (dominion Königswarth, estate Miltigau, resp.).

(69) Schödüber (also Schüttüber, Groß-Schödüber, and Groß-Schöd), 2 1/2 hours SE of Eger, along Rother Bach, village of 15 houses with 67 inhabitants of which 1 house belong to the St. Clara; is in the parish of Miltigau and has 1 mill.

(70) Kreuzenstein (originally, Stein der Kreuzer, i.e. [stone] of the Teutonic Knights), 3/4 hours W of Eger, along the Bayreuth Road, small village of 9 houses with 85 inhabitants; is in the parish of St. Anna; separate is the hamlet Schwarzenteich, 3 houses.

(71) Ober-Kunreut, 1 1/2 hours WSW of Eger, the highest elevation village of the Egerland,[4] with 24 houses and 181 inhabitants of which 1 house belongs to the Vogtei Stein, is in the parish of St. Anna and has 1 dairy and 1 sheep farm.

(72) Ober-Pilmersreut (formerly Pelgerimsreut), 1 hour WSW of Eger, at the foot of the Annaberg [mountain], village of 27 houses with 166 inhabitants of which 3 house form the estate Ober-Pilmersreut; is in the parish of St. Anna and has 1 dairy belonging to the authorities and 1 tavern. Separate are (a) Boden, 1/4 hour S, a hamlet conscribed to this dominion with 5 houses of which 2 belong to St. Clara; (b) Schlingelhau, also Waldruh, 1/2 hour SW, 1 hunting lodge that is also a tavern; (c) ca. 1/4 hour NW on top of the Annaberg, St. Anna, St. Annaberg, 1 parish church dedicated to St. Ann, 1 school, both under the patronage of the authorities, 1 hospice-hospital (see above) with 1 church St. Sebastian, and 1 tavern. The church of St. Ann's was built from the ground up in 1691 by the authorities in the place of a chapel dating from 1518. Initially, it was administered by the Franciscans of Eger who were allowed by the magistrate to build a hospice (the current rectory). In 1787 the parish obtained its own priest (unaffiliated with any orders) from Emperor Joseph II. In the parish are the villages Ober- and Unter-Pilmersreut (with Boden), Ober-Kunreut, and Kreuzenstein, furthermore the Hollershof and the Nonnenhof [farms or estates] with the Nonnenhäusln [buildings of the nuns] (St. Clara) and the hospices of St. Anna and Heiligenkreuz. -- South of the church there is a calvary. The school was newly built in 1802. -- The estate Ober-Pilmersreut belongs to Andreas Forster since 1807.

(73) Unter-Pilmersreut (Nyder Pelgerimsreut in 1391), 1 hour SW of Eger, village of 23 houses with 219 inhabitants of which 7 houses form the estate Unter-Pilmersreut, 2 belong to the Knights of the Holy Cross, and 2 to S. Clara; is in the parish of St. Anna, and has 1 dairy belonging to the authorities and 1 mill. -- Since 1831 the estate Unter-Pilmersreut belongs to Georg Pitzl.

(74) Himmelsreich (Egerisch- or Catholic [Himmelsreich]), 3 3/4 hours NW of Eger along the Hofer Road, village of 11 houses with 105 inhabitants of which 1 house belongs to the Knights of the Holy Cross; is in the parish of Niklasberg (Asch dominion), and has 1 school, 1 tavern, and 1 hunting lodge. -- 1/2 hour apart is the settlement Neu-Himmelreich, 7 numbers.

(75) Neudorf, 2 1/4 hours NNE of Eger, village of 29 houses with 196 inhabitants of which 1 house belongs to the Knights of the Holy Cross; is in the parish of Klinkart (estate Wildstein), and has 1 tavern. Separate are (a) the Trappmühle [mill] and (b) the Frischenmühle (also, Sobitzmühle or Wernermühle).

(76) Romersreut, 3 hours NNW of Eger, village of 47 houses with 338 inhabitants of which 6 house belong to the Royal Castle, 5 houses to the Knights of the Holy Cross, and 2 houses to the estate Haslau; is in the parish of Haslau, and has 1 tavern and 1 mill ("Scheibenmühle"). 1/8 hour apart is the "Riedelmühle" [mill].

(77) Seeberg, 1 3/4 hours NW of Eger along Schlada Creek, village of 45 houses with 479 inhabitants, in the parish of Haslau, has 1 old castle belonging to the authorities, 1 branch church St. Wolfgang, 1 school, 1 tavern, 1 grain mill ("Schloßmühle"), and 3 wire mills. Separate are (a) the "Tomsen-Mühle" and (b) the wire mill "Gastberg", or "Gayersberg." -- Seeberg was in old times a Bohemian Kronlehen-Gut [crown loan estate]. Its oldest known owner is the family Honigar (Schmidl) in Eger, 1260 to 1271. In 1434 it belonged to the famous chancellor of Emperor Sigismund, Kaspar Schlick. In 1662 the royal Bohemian supreme chancellor Count Johann Hartwig von Nostitz obtained the loan. The latter dissolved the loan in 1663 and sold the estate as an allodial estate to the Eger city commander Gerhard Jaque (?), from whom it passed in the same manner to the Eger city community in 1703.[45] -- The castle is situated, visible from afar, on a rock cone and is fortified in the old manner with moats, walls, and draw bridges. Because of the beautiful and distant view it is often visited by tourists from Franzensbad. The interior has been turned into a restaurant. -- The church was founded in 1478 by the widow of the owner, Kaspar Junker, and it was completely rebuilt by the city community in 1722 and 1724. It contains 15 notable epitaphs of former owners. In 1796 the school was also completely rebuilt.

(78) Seichenreut (on the Kreybich map, Seikenreut), 2 1/4 hours NW of Eger, village of 24 houses with 170 inhabitants of which 6 house belong to the Knights of the Holy Cross, 5 houses to the estate Haslau, and 3 houses to the Royal Castle; is in the parish of Haslau, and has separately 1 mill with board saw ("Hirschmühle").

(79) Ottengrün (near Haslau, not to be confused with the town of the same name in the Frais that went to Bavaria in 1846), 2 1/2 hours NNW of Eger, village of 10 houses with 68 inhabitants, in the parish of Haslau.

Furthermore, portions of the following villages of other dominions belong to Eger:

(a) of Bruck (St. Clara) 5 houses;

(b) of Haid (same dominion) 6 houses;

(c) of Schönlind (same dominion) 4 houses;

(d) of Treunitz (same dominion) 5 houses; among them the parish church, the rectory, and the school;

(e) of Voitersreut (same dominion) 15 houses;

(f) of Stein (Royal Castle) 7 houses;

(g) of Reißig (Knights of the Holy Cross) 1 house;

(h) of Lapitzfeld (estate Mostau) 4 houses;

(i) of Dürr (estate Altenteich) 1 house;[46]

(k) of Pograth (estate of the same name) 16 houses.

Footnotes

1. [Certainly a typographical error in the original. U.G.] [back]
2. Pröckl, loc. cit. pp. 9-15. [back]
3. According to information supplied by the city council; Ñ Pröckl, loc. cit. vol. 2, pp. 154-157. [back]
4. City council and Pröckl, loc. cit., pp. 152-154. [back]
5. Pröckl, loc. cit. pp. 150-151. [back]
6. City council and Pröckl, loc. cit. [back]
7. City council; more details in Pröckl, loc. cit. pp. 157-158. [back]
8. City council; Pröckl, loc. cit., pp. 148 and following. [back]
9. City council; Pröckl, loc. cit., p. 147. The old poorhouse of St. Jodok, which is listed by Pröckl p. 156 as still existing, is not mentioned in the reply by the magistrate to us dated 19 May 1846. [back]
10. loc. cit., p. 205 and following. [back]
11. Pröckl, loc. cit., pp. 159-160. [back]
12. Pröckl, loc. cit., pp. 48-57. [back]
13. It has been claimed to have been built by the Romans, but this is false, as the Romans never made it to this area. [back]
14. "The regions of Bavaria..."; in Pröckl, loc. cit., vol. 1, p. 4. [back]
15. See Elbogen section, p. 9. [back]
16. Pröckl, loc. cit., p. 12. [back]
17. Palacky, "History of Bohemia", vol. 2, section 1, p. 197. [back]
18. Ibid., p. 253. [back]
19. Ibid., p. 261. [back]
20. Pröckl, p. 18. [back]
21. Palacky, loc. cit. p. 402. [back]
22. Palacky, loc. cit. pp. 149-157; Schaller, p. 9. [back]
23. Palacky, vol. 2, section 2, pp.142-146. [back]
24. Pröckl, loc. cit., pp. 32-37. [back]
25. Ibid., p. 35. [back]
26. Ibid., pp. 38 and 39. [back]
27. Ibid., pp. 43 to 47. [back]
28. Ibid., pp. 52-59. [back]
29. Ibid., pp. 62-64. [back]
30. Ibid., pp. 73-78. [back]
31. Ibid., pp. 86-98. [back]
32. Ibid., pp. 99-108. [back]
33. See above in the Karlsbad section, p. 249. [back]
34. Pröckl, pp. 110-120. [back]
35. According to communications by Localist Mühlwenzel of Kinsberg, based on documents. [back]
36. Pröckl, loc. cit., pp. 121-129. [back]
37. Ibid., pp. 130-157. [back]
38. Ibid., pp. 161-175. [back]
39. Ibid., pp. 175-194. [back]
40. Ibid., pp. 195-212. [back]
41. Pröckl, loc. cit., vol. 1, pp. 326 and following. [back]
42. Authors writing about Franzensbad are: Hörnigk (Description of the Eger Sour Spring, Leipzig, 1623); Brusch (Description of the Fichtelgebirge etc., Nürnberg, 1683); Georg Agricola (1657); Konrad Geßner; Sebastian Münster (Cosmographia, Basel, 1598); Martin Ruland; Andreas Baccius (Padova, 1711); Eschenreuter (1616); Leonhard Thurneysser zum Thurm (Frankfurt a.d.O., 1572); Joh. Göbel; Paul Maccasius; Schacher (About Karlsbad and the Eger Bath, Jena, 1618); Merian (Topogr. Bohemiae etc., Frankfurt, 1650); Balbinus (Miscell. hist. regni Bohem., Prague, 1669); Friedr. Hoffmann (1705Ð1734); Dr. Zücker (Systematic Description of All Curative Springs and Baths of Germany, Berlin and Leipzig, 1768 and 1795); v. Crantz (Gesundbr. [Health ...?] of the Austrian Monarchy, Vienna, 1777); Zwierlein (General Spring Description etc., Leipzig, 1793 and 1815); Hufeland (Journal of Practical Medicine etc.); Hoffmann (Systematic Overview of 242 Chemical Analyses of Mineral Waters etc., Berlin, 1815); Dr. Reuß (Chemical and Medical Description of Kaiser Franzensbad); Sartori (Natural Wonders of the Austrian Empire, Vienna, 1817); Mosch (The Baths and Curative Springs of Germany etc., 1819); Wetzler (On Curative Springs etc. in Bohemia, Mainz, 1825); Osann and Tromsdorff (The Mineral Springs at Kaiser Franzensbad near Eger); Berzelius (Examination of the Mineral Water of Karlsbad, Teplitz, and Königswart. Transl. from Swedish by Gustav Rose, Leipzig, 1823); Kreysig (On the Use of the Mineral Waters of Karlsbad, Eger etc., Leipzig, 1825 and 1828); Gerle (BohemiaÕs Curative Springs etc., Prague, 1829); Gräfe and Kalisch (Annals of Germany's Curative Springs, Berlin, 1836 and 1837); Sobernheim (Germany's Curative Springs etc., Berlin, 1836); Granville (The Spas of Germany, London, 1837); Lautner (Kaiser-Franzensbad and its Springs, Eger, 1841); Pröckl (Eger and the Egerland, vol. 2, pp. 171-217). [back]
43. Pröckl, vol. 2, p. 238. [back]
44. Pröckl, p.284. [back]
45. Pröckl, loc. cit., pp. 315 and following. [back]
46. According to Pröckl, loc. cit., vol. 2, p. 231, the entire village belongs to the city of Eger. [back]